{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:48:07Z","timestamp":1762300087638,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the \u201cEmergent AI Center\u201d of the JGU Mainz (financed by the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a pipeline for synthetic generation of personalized Computer Tomography (CT) images, with a radiation exposure evaluation and a lifetime attributable risk (LAR) assessment. We perform a patient-specific performance evaluation for a broad range of denoising algorithms (including the most popular deep learning denoising approaches, wavelets-based methods, methods based on Mumford\u2013Shah denoising, etc.), focusing both on accessing the capability to reduce the patient-specific CT-induced LAR and on computational cost scalability. We introduce a parallel Probabilistic Mumford\u2013Shah denoising model (PMS) and show that it markedly-outperforms the compared common denoising methods in denoising quality and cost scaling. In particular, we show that it allows an approximately 22-fold robust patient-specific LAR reduction for infants and a 10-fold LAR reduction for adults. Using a normal laptop, the proposed algorithm for PMS allows cheap and robust (with a multiscale structural similarity index &gt;90%) denoising of very large 2D videos and 3D images (with over 107 voxels) that are subject to ultra-strong noise (Gaussian and non-Gaussian) for signal-to-noise ratios far below 1.0. The code is provided for open access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8060156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low-Cost Probabilistic 3D Denoising with Applications for Ultra-Low-Radiation Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4964-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Illia","family":"Horenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Posp\u00ed\u0161il","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, VSB Ostrava, Ludvika Podeste 1875\/17, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1264-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing, Faculty of Informatics, Universit\u00e1 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), 6962 Viganello, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg\u2014University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, GU Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Rehbock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Radiology Center Berlin, 10627 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albrecht","family":"Stroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg\u2014University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9513-0729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg\u2014University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). 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