{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:25:19Z","timestamp":1780446319494,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) represents an emerging imaging technique which consists of the acquisition of two separate datasets utilizing two different X-ray spectra energies. Several cardiac DECT applications have been assessed, such as virtual monoenergetic images, virtual non-contrast reconstructions, and iodine myocardial perfusion maps, which are demonstrated to improve diagnostic accuracy and image quality while reducing both radiation and contrast media administration. This review will summarize the technical basis of DECT and review the principal cardiac applications currently adopted in clinical practice, exploring possible future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8090236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T21:27:17Z","timestamp":1662067637000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Dual-Energy CT of the Heart: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Dell\u2019Aversana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ascione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Raffaele","family":"De Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Cuocolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Boccalatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronary Care Unit, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerolamo","family":"Sibilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronary Care Unit, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, San Giuliano Hospital, 80014 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, University Milano Bicocca, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Sironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, University Milano Bicocca, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Cavagli\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5262-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Imbriaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ponsiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000531","article-title":"White Paper of the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance on Dual-Energy CT, Part 1: Technology and Terminology","volume":"40","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9207","article-title":"Dual-energy CT: Oncologic applications","volume":"199","author":"Darnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9208","article-title":"Dual-energy CT of the heart","volume":"199","author":"Vliegenthart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17202","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Pulmonary CT Angiography for Acute Pulmonary Embolism","volume":"208","author":"Albrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.745711","article-title":"Images in cardiovascular medicine. Myocardial ischemia diagnosed by dual-energy computed tomography: Correlation with single-photon emission computed tomography","volume":"117","author":"Ruzsics","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000272","article-title":"Comprehensive Comparison of Virtual Monoenergetic and Linearly Blended Reconstruction Techniques in Third-Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Angiography of the Thorax and Abdomen","volume":"51","author":"Albrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000480","article-title":"Computation of Calcium Score with Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: A Phantom Study","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13546","article-title":"CT myocardial perfusion imaging","volume":"204","author":"Meinel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0517-6","article-title":"Material differentiation by dual energy CT: Initial experience","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si-Mohamed, S.A., Restier, L.M., Branchu, A., Boccalini, S., Congi, A., Ziegler, A., Tomasevic, D., Bochaton, T., Boussel, L., and Douek, P.C. (2021). Diagnostic Performance of Extracellular Volume Quantified by Dual-Layer Dual-Energy CT for Detection of Acute Myocarditis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153286"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109743","article-title":"Myocardial extracellular volume fraction quantitation using cardiac dual-energy CT with late iodine enhancement in patients with heart failure without coronary artery disease: A single-center prospective study","volume":"140","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08375-x","article-title":"Cardiac CT and MRI radiomics: Systematic review of the literature and radiomics quality score assessment","volume":"32","author":"Ponsiglione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200038","article-title":"Update on Multienergy CT: Physics, Principles, and Applications","volume":"40","author":"Rajiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000538","article-title":"White Paper of the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance on Dual-Energy CT, Part 3","volume":"41","author":"Schoepf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000109","article-title":"The Importance of Spectral Separation","volume":"50","author":"Krauss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.10.051","article-title":"Accuracy and Radiation Dose Reduction Using Low-Voltage Computed Tomography Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring with Tin Filtration","volume":"119","author":"Tesche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu113","article-title":"Accuracy of prospectively ECG-triggered very low-dose coronary dual-source CT angiography using iterative reconstruction for the detection of coronary artery stenosis: Comparison with invasive catheterization","volume":"15","author":"Layritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140244","article-title":"Closing in on the K Edge: Coronary CT Angiography at 100, 80, and 70 kV\u2014Initial Comparison of a Second- versus a Third-Generation Dual-Source CT System","volume":"273","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2014.09.003","article-title":"Prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch coronary angiography with third-generation dual-source CT at 70 kVp tube voltage: Feasibility, image quality, radiation dose, and effect of iterative reconstruction","volume":"8","author":"Hell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000060","article-title":"Assessment of an Advanced Image-Based Technique to Calculate Virtual Monoenergetic Computed Tomographic Images from a Dual-Energy Examination to Improve Contrast-to-Noise Ratio in Examinations Using Iodinated Contrast Media","volume":"49","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2020.12.005","article-title":"Spectral photon-counting CT in cardiovascular imaging","volume":"15","author":"Sandfort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2018.03.004","article-title":"Practical Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in the Acute Abdomen","volume":"56","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.028","article-title":"Dual-energy CT of the heart current and future status","volume":"105","author":"Albrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1196","article-title":"Noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic imaging technology of the third-generation dual-source computed tomography and its clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0728-5","article-title":"Evaluation of different keV-settings in dual-energy CT angiography of the aorta using advanced image-based virtual monoenergetic imaging","volume":"32","author":"Beeres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3970-2","article-title":"Advanced image-based virtual monoenergetic dual-energy CT angiography of the abdomen: Optimization of kiloelectron volt settings to improve image contrast","volume":"26","author":"Albrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3627-1","article-title":"Assessment of an Advanced Monoenergetic Reconstruction Technique in Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Albrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H.-J., Lee, J.M., Lee, S.M., Yang, H.K., Kim, R.H., Nam, J.G., Karnawat, A., and Han, J.K. (2019). Value of virtual monochromatic spectral image of dual-layer spectral detector CT with noise reduction algorithm for image quality improvement in obese simulated body phantom. BMC Med. Imaging, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-019-0367-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.01.007","article-title":"Optimization of window settings for virtual monoenergetic imaging in dual-energy CT of the liver: A multi-reader evaluation of standard monoenergetic and advanced imaged-based monoenergetic datasets","volume":"85","author":"Caruso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-016-0963-9","article-title":"Optimization of window settings for standard and advanced virtual monoenergetic imaging in abdominal dual-energy CT angiography","volume":"42","author":"Caruso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5059-6","article-title":"Optimisation of window settings for traditional and noise-optimised virtual monoenergetic imaging in dual-energy computed tomography pulmonary angiography","volume":"28","author":"Bucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162945","article-title":"Utility of Dual-Energy CT-based Monochromatic Imaging in the Assessment of Myocardial Delayed Enhancement in Patients with Cardiomyopathy","volume":"287","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3126-9","article-title":"Evaluation of monoenergetic late iodine enhancement dual-energy computed tomography for imaging of chronic myocardial infarction","volume":"24","author":"Wichmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000259","article-title":"Monoenergetic Dual-energy Computed Tomographic Imaging: Cardiothoracic Applications","volume":"32","author":"Lenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.06.017","article-title":"Endoleaks after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: Improved detection with noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic dual-energy CT","volume":"94","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhard, M., Mergen, V., Higashigaito, K., Allmendinger, T., Manka, R., Flohr, T., Schmidt, B., Euler, A., and Alkadhi, H. (2021). Coronary Calcium Scoring with First Generation Dual-Source Photon-Counting CT\u2014First Evidence from Phantom and In-Vivo Scans. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091708"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26930","article-title":"Epicardial Adipose Tissue Attenuation and Fat Attenuation Index: Phantom Study and In Vivo Measurements with Photon-Counting Detector CT","volume":"218","author":"Mergen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"652","article-title":"Dual-Layer Spectral CTA for TAVI Planning Using a Split-Phase Protocol and Low-keV Virtual Monoenergetic Images: Improved Image Quality in Comparison with Single-Phase Conventional CTA","volume":"194","author":"Mangold","year":"2021","journal-title":"R\u00f6Fo Fortschr. Geb. R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen Bildgeb. Verfahr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2019.06.015","article-title":"Low dose contrast CT for transcatheter aortic valve replacement assessment: Results from the prospective SPECTACULAR study (spectral CT assessment prior to TAVR)","volume":"14","author":"Cavallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120195","article-title":"Spectral optimization of chest CT angiography with reduced iodine load: Experience in 80 patients evaluated with dual-source, dual-energy CT","volume":"267","author":"Delesalle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180215","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180215","article-title":"Low contrast material dose coronary computed tomographic angiography using a dual-layer spectral detector system in patients at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy","volume":"92","author":"Oda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3997-4","article-title":"Impact of an advanced image-based monoenergetic reconstruction algorithm on coronary stent visualization using third generation dual-source dual-energy CT: A phantom study","volume":"26","author":"Mangold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07809-w","article-title":"Reduced-iodine-dose dual-energy coronary CT angiography: Qualitative and quantitative comparison between virtual monochromatic and polychromatic CT images","volume":"31","author":"Rotzinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.02.17","article-title":"The optimal monoenergetic spectral image level of coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography on a dual-layer spectral detector CT with half-dose contrast media","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4137-x","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of beam-hardening artefact correction in dual-energy CT myocardial perfusion imaging","volume":"26","author":"Bucher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2012.07.002","article-title":"Dual-energy CT and its potential use for quantitative myocardial CT perfusion","volume":"6","author":"So","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2018.03.010","article-title":"Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Cardiothoracic Vascular Imaging","volume":"56","author":"Eid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2062-1","article-title":"Metal artifact reduction by dual energy computed tomography using monoenergetic extrapolation","volume":"21","author":"Bamberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185114527867","article-title":"Monoenergetic extrapolation of cardiac dual energy CT for artifact reduction","volume":"56","author":"Secchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2017.01.014","article-title":"Evaluation of image quality of coronary artery plaque with rapid kVp-switching dual-energy CT","volume":"43","author":"Ohta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e31823e2732","article-title":"Expert Opinion","volume":"27","author":"Boiselle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2016.17.3.321","article-title":"Virtual Non-Contrast CT Using Dual-Energy Spectral CT: Feasibility of Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140181","article-title":"Current and Novel Imaging Techniques in Coronary CT","volume":"35","author":"Machida","year":"2015","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2014.08.005","article-title":"Feasibility of coronary artery calcium scoring on virtual unenhanced images derived from single-source fast kVp-switching dual-energy coronary CT angiography","volume":"8","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2014.12.019","article-title":"Comparison of myocardial perfusion evaluation with single versus dual-energy CT and effect of beam-hardening artifacts","volume":"22","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000853","article-title":"Photon-Counting Detector CT-Based Vascular Calcium Removal Algorithm: Assessment Using a Cardiac Motion Phantom","volume":"57","author":"Allmendinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000773","article-title":"Photon-Counting Multienergy Computed Tomography with Spectrally Optimized Contrast Media for Plaque Removal and Stenosis Assessment","volume":"56","author":"Sartoretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000416","article-title":"Heavily Calcified Coronary Arteries","volume":"53","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000539","article-title":"White Paper of the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance on Dual-Energy CT, Part 2","volume":"40","author":"Foley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.03.16","article-title":"Delayed enhancement cardiac computed tomography for the assessment of myocardial infarction: From bench to bedside","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-008-9318-0","article-title":"Perfusion weighted color maps for enhanced visualization of myocardial infarction by MSCT: Preliminary experience","volume":"24","author":"Mahnken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3849","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT for the Assessment of Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Chronic Coronary Artery Disease: Comparison with 3-T MRI","volume":"195","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.158618","article-title":"Detection of myocardial infarction by dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography using quantitated myocardial scintigraphy as the reference standard","volume":"95","author":"Rubinshtein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000284","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Iodine Image of Dual-energy Computed Tomography at Rest","volume":"33","author":"Nakahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.12.013","article-title":"Incremental value of myocardial perfusion over coronary angiography by spectral computed tomography in patients with intermediate to high likelihood of coronary artery disease","volume":"84","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-75","article-title":"Adenosine triphosphate stress dual-source computed tomography to identify myocardial ischemia: Comparison with invasive coronary angiography","volume":"3","author":"Kido","year":"2014","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W70","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11772","article-title":"Incremental Value of Pharmacological Stress Cardiac Dual-Energy CT over Coronary CT Angiography Alone for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in a High-Risk Population","volume":"203","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.11.022","article-title":"Adenosine-stress dynamic real-time myocardial perfusion CT and adenosine-stress first-pass dual-energy myocardial perfusion CT for the assessment of acute chest pain: Initial results","volume":"81","author":"Weininger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.06.023","article-title":"Myocardial perfusion imaging with dual energy CT","volume":"85","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4128-y","article-title":"Quantitative myocardial perfusion with stress dual-energy CT: Iodine concentration differences between normal and ischemic or necrotic myocardium. Initial experience","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1022-x","article-title":"Dual-energy CT of the heart for diagnosing coronary artery stenosis and myocardial ischemia-initial experience","volume":"18","author":"Ruzsics","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-011-9881-7","article-title":"Incremental value of dual-energy CT to coronary CT angiography for the detection of significant coronary stenosis: Comparison with quantitative coronary angiography and single photon emission computed tomography","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3182145b4f","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography for the detection of late enhancement in reperfused chronic infarction: A comparison to magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology in a porcine model","volume":"46","author":"Deseive","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1517\/17530050802607357","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of vulnerable plaque","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.068","article-title":"Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Motoyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.02.003","article-title":"The napkin-ring sign: CT signature of high-risk coronary plaques?","volume":"3","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-011-9428-2","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of spotty calcifications on computed tomography angiography: Comparison to plaque characteristics on intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis","volume":"18","author":"Schuijf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2008.05.146","article-title":"Potential of dual-energy computed tomography to characterize atherosclerotic plaque: Ex vivo assessment of human coronary arteries in comparison to histology","volume":"2","author":"Barreto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2014.04.007","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography imaging to determine atherosclerotic plaque composition: A prospective study with tissue validation","volume":"8","author":"Obaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181b66c41","article-title":"Computed tomographic attenuation value of coronary atherosclerotic plaques with different tube voltage: An ex vivo study","volume":"34","author":"Tanami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2295534","article-title":"Non-calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization by dual energy computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Yamak","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009535","article-title":"Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction Adds Prognostic Information Beyond Myocardial Replacement Fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.000192","article-title":"Comprehensive Validation of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Techniques for the Assessment of Myocardial Extracellular Volume","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016151289","article-title":"Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction with Dual-Energy Equilibrium Contrast-enhanced Cardiac CT in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: A Prospective Comparison with Cardiac MR Imaging","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.05.027","article-title":"Extracellular volume quantitation using dual-energy CT in patients with heart failure: Comparison with 3T cardiac MR","volume":"268","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2019.12.032","article-title":"Investigation of myocardial extracellular volume fraction in heart failure patients using iodine map with rapid-kV switching dual-energy CT: Segmental comparison with MRI T1 mapping","volume":"14","author":"Ohta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarkowski, P., and Czekajska-Chehab, E. (2021). Dual-energy heart CT: Beyond better angiography\u2014Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215193"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/9\/236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:21:39Z","timestamp":1760142099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/9\/236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8090236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8090236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}