{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:22:53Z","timestamp":1767705773107,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3179I12018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3179I12018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mineral building materials suffer from weathering processes such as salt efflorescence, freeze\u2013thaw cycling, and microbial colonization. All of these processes are linked to water (liquid and vapor) in the pore space. The degree of damage following these processes is heavily influenced by pore space properties such as porosity, pore size distribution, and pore connectivity. X-ray computed micro-tomography (\u00b5CT) has proven to be a valuable tool to non-destructively investigate the pore space of stone samples in 3D. However, a trade-off between the resolution and field-of-view often impedes reliable conclusions on the material\u2019s properties. X-ray dark-field imaging (DFI) is based on the scattering of X-rays by sub-voxel-sized features, and as such, provides information on the sample complementary to that obtained using conventional \u00b5CT. In this manuscript, we apply X-ray dark-field tomography for the first time on four mineral building materials (quartzite, fired clay brick, fired clay roof tile, and carbonated mineral building material), and investigate which information the dark-field signal entails on the sub-resolution space of the sample. Dark-field tomography at multiple length scale sensitivities was performed at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source (Villigen, Switzerland) using a Talbot grating interferometer. The complementary information of the dark-field modality is most clear in the fired clay brick and roof tile; quartz grains that are almost indistinguishable in the conventional \u00b5CT scan are clearly visible in the dark-field owing to their low dark-field signal (homogenous sub-voxel structure), whereas the microporous bulk mass has a high dark-field signal. Large (resolved) pores on the other hand, which are clearly visible in the absorption dataset, are almost invisible in the dark-field modality because they are overprinted with dark-field signal originating from the bulk mass. The experiments also showed how the dark-field signal from a feature depends on the length scale sensitivity, which is set by moving the sample with respect to the grating interferometer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8100282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploration of the X-ray Dark-Field Signal in Mineral Building Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin K.","family":"Blykers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pore-Scale Processes in Geomaterials Research Group (PProGRess), Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Caori","family":"Organista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Kagias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Marone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Stampanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu N.","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerle","family":"Cnudde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pore-Scale Processes in Geomaterials Research Group (PProGRess), Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Environmental Hydrogeology, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Aelterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Image Processing and Interpretation, TELIN Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.086","article-title":"Effect of Salt Crystallisation on the Shear Behaviour of Masonry Walls: An Experimental Study","volume":"37","author":"Gentilini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.120","article-title":"Weathering Assessment under X-ray Tomography of Building Stones Exposed to Acid Atmospheres at Current Pollution Rate","volume":"168","author":"Gibeaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2021.105329","article-title":"The Capabilities of Bacteria and Archaea to Alter Natural Building Stones\u2014A Review","volume":"165","author":"Boon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103143","article-title":"A Review on Freeze-Thaw Action and Weathering of Rocks","volume":"203","author":"Deprez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00015-4","article-title":"X-ray Computed Tomography","volume":"1","author":"Withers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2096","article-title":"Hard-X-ray Dark-Field Imaging Using a Grating Interferometer","volume":"7","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2009.11.003","article-title":"Advanced Contrast Modalities for X-ray Radiology: Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging Using a Grating Interferometer","volume":"20","author":"Bech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2015.05.012","article-title":"Fast Laboratory-Based Micro-Computed Tomography for Pore-Scale Research: Illustrative Experiments and Perspectives on the Future","volume":"95","author":"Bultreys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97915-y","article-title":"Tunable X-ray Dark-Field Imaging for Sub-Resolution Feature Size Quantification in Porous Media","volume":"11","author":"Blykers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.004310","article-title":"Interpretation of Dark-Field Contrast and Particle-Size Selectivity in Grating Interferometers","volume":"50","author":"Lynch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4973520","article-title":"Dual Phase Grating Interferometer for Tunable Dark-Field Sensitivity","volume":"110","author":"Kagias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3","article-title":"Quantitative Grating-Based X-ray Dark-Field Computed Tomography","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"269","article-title":"Artifacts in X-ray Dark-Field Tomography","volume":"1365","author":"Modregger","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kagias, M.E. (2017). Direct Self-Imaging Methods for X-ray Differential Phase and Scattering Imaging, ETH Zurich."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866855","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2008059","article-title":"Artifacts in X-ray Dark-Field Measurements","volume":"8668","author":"Horn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Imaging 2013 Phys. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/18\/017","article-title":"Quantitative X-ray Dark-Field Computed Tomography","volume":"55","author":"Bech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4742293","article-title":"Non-Scatter Contributions to the Dark-Field Signal in Differential Phase Contrast Imaging","volume":"1466","author":"Koehler","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritter, A., Bayer, F., Durst, J., G\u00f6del, K., Haas, W., Michel, T., Weber, T., and Anton, G. (2011, January 28\u201329). Investigations on the Origin of the Darkfield Signal in X-ray Talbot Interferometry. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS\/MIC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2011.6153870"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19187","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.395237","article-title":"Modeling of Beam Hardening Effects in a Dual-Phase X-ray Grating Interferometer for Quantitative Dark-Field Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Pandeshwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23462","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.023462","article-title":"Effect of Beam Hardening on a Visibility-Contrast Image Obtained by X-ray Grating Interferometry","volume":"23","author":"Yashiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16890","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.016890","article-title":"On the Origin of Visibility Contrast in X-ray Talbot Interferometry","volume":"18","author":"Yashiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.84.094106","article-title":"Distribution of Unresolvable Anisotropic Microstructures Revealed in Visibility-Contrast Images Using X-ray Talbot Interferometry","volume":"84","author":"Yashiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B-Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L844","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.40.L844","article-title":"A New Optics for Dark-Field Imaging in X-ray Region \u201cOwl\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Ando","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866810","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2007849","article-title":"Grating-Based Dark-Field Breast Imaging","volume":"8668","author":"Rieger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Imaging 2013 Phys. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835920957932","article-title":"Assessment of the Additional Clinical Potential of X-ray Dark-Field Imaging for Breast Cancer in a Preclinical Setup","volume":"12","author":"Emons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0097-2","article-title":"Microbubbles as a Contrast Agent in Grating Interferometry Mammography: An Ex Vivo Proof-of-Mechanism Study","volume":"3","author":"Arboleda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0104-7","article-title":"Imaging Features in Post-Mortem X-ray Dark-Field Chest Radiographs and Correlation with Conventional X-ray and CT","volume":"3","author":"Fingerle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05101-w","article-title":"In-Vivo X-ray Dark-Field Chest Radiography of a Pig","volume":"7","author":"Gromann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.019","article-title":"Frozen and Defrosted Fruit Revealed with X-ray Dark-Field Radiography","volume":"39","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2016.11.011","article-title":"Quantitative In-Situ Monitoring of Germinating Barley Seeds Using X-ray Dark-Field Radiography","volume":"198","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-018-0529-6","article-title":"Porosity Determination of Carbon and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers Using Phase-Contrast Imaging","volume":"38","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12635-2","article-title":"Diffractive Small Angle X-ray Scattering Imaging for Anisotropic Structures","volume":"10","author":"Kagias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-014-8398-z","article-title":"Mapping Misoriented Fibers Using X-ray Dark Field Tomography","volume":"115","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2018.09.023","article-title":"Microcrack Characterization in Loaded CFRP Laminates Using Quantitative Two- and Three-Dimensional X-ray Dark-Field Imaging","volume":"115","author":"Senck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109634","article-title":"Macroscopic Mapping of Microscale Fibers in Freeform Injection Molded Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using X-ray Scattering Tensor Tomography","volume":"233","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.08.072","article-title":"Edge-Illumination X-ray Dark-Field Imaging for Visualising Defects in Composite Structures","volume":"134","author":"Endrizzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fromme, P., Endrizzi, M., and Olivo, A. (2018). Defect Imaging in Composite Structures. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5031599"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-015-9496-2","article-title":"Detection of Sub-Pixel Fractures in X-ray Dark-Field Tomography","volume":"121","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.06.008","article-title":"Detection of Stress Whitening in Plastics with the Help of X-ray Dark Field Imaging","volume":"32","author":"Jerjen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2017.04.023","article-title":"Grating-Based X-ray Dark-Field Computed Tomography for the Characterization of Friction Stir Welds: A Feasibility Study","volume":"129","author":"Schaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044912","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3624592","article-title":"Sub-Pixel Porosity Revealed by X-ray Scatter Dark Field Imaging","volume":"110","author":"Revol","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.04.003","article-title":"Observing the Setting and Hardening of Cementitious Materials by X-ray Dark-Field Radiography","volume":"74","author":"Prade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29108","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29108","article-title":"Time Resolved X-ray Dark-Field Tomography Revealing Water Transport in a Fresh Cement Sample","volume":"6","author":"Prade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4918617","article-title":"Multi-Contrast 3D X-ray Imaging of Porous and Composite Materials","volume":"106","author":"Sarapata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2436193","article-title":"TOMCAT: A Beamline for TOmographic Microscopy and Coherent RAdiology ExperimenTs","volume":"Volume 879","author":"Stampanoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2018.04.015","article-title":"Fabrication of Au Gratings by Seedless Electroplating for X-ray Grating Interferometry","volume":"92","author":"Kagias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1107\/S0909049512032864","article-title":"Regridding Reconstruction Algorithm for Real-Time Tomographic Imaging","volume":"19","author":"Marone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Synchrotron Radiat."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"34","article-title":"Stripe and Ring Artifact Removal with Combined Wavelet-Fourier Filtering","volume":"17","author":"Trtik","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMPA Act."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1049-5","article-title":"Monitoring of Weathering and Conservation of Building Materials through Non-Destructive X-ray Computed Microtomography","volume":"46","author":"Cnudde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2010.02.011","article-title":"Representative Elementary Volume Analysis of Porous Media Using X-ray Computed Tomography","volume":"200","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.01.022","article-title":"Carbonation of Ca-Bearing Silicates, the Case of Wollastonite: Experimental Investigations and Kinetic Modeling","volume":"265","author":"Daval","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Boone, M.A. (2015). 3D Visualization of Mineral Carbonation: \u039cCT as a Tool to Understand Pore Scale Processes. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/12\/004","article-title":"Directional X-ray Dark-Field Imaging","volume":"55","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18324","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.018324","article-title":"Sensitivity of X-ray Grating Interferometry","volume":"19","author":"Modregger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044038","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.15.044038","article-title":"Simultaneous Reciprocal and Real Space X-ray Imaging of Time-Evolving Systems","volume":"15","author":"Kagias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06729-4","article-title":"Grating-Based Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Computed Tomography: A Single-Shot Method","volume":"7","author":"Koehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5047400","article-title":"Single-Shot X-ray Dark-Field Imaging with Omnidirectional Sensitivity Using Random-Pattern Wavefront Modulator","volume":"113","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/10\/282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:51Z","timestamp":1760144031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/10\/282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8100282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8100282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}