{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:32:37Z","timestamp":1777638757563,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma","award":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma","award":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"]}]},{"name":"University-Industry Educational Centre in Advanced Biomedical and Medical Informatics (CEBMI)","award":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"]}]},{"name":"University-Industry Educational Centre in Advanced Biomedical and Medical Informatics (CEBMI)","award":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (Italy)","award":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (Italy)","award":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"]}]},{"name":"Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON)","award":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"]}]},{"name":"Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON)","award":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lazio PO FSE","award":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["612462-EPP-1-2019-1-SK-EPPKA2-KA"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lazio PO FSE","award":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCI2014IT16M2OP005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer accounts for more deaths worldwide than any other cancer disease. In order to provide patients with the most effective treatment for these aggressive tumours, multimodal learning is emerging as a new and promising field of research that aims to extract complementary information from the data of different modalities for prognostic and predictive purposes. This knowledge could be used to optimise current treatments and maximise their effectiveness. To predict overall survival, in this work, we investigate the use of multimodal learning on the CLARO dataset, which includes CT images and clinical data collected from a cohort of non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Our method allows the identification of the optimal set of classifiers to be included in the ensemble in a late fusion approach. Specifically, after training unimodal models on each modality, it selects the best ensemble by solving a multiobjective optimisation problem that maximises both the recognition performance and the diversity of the predictions. In the ensemble, the labels of each sample are assigned using the majority voting rule. As further validation, we show that the proposed ensemble outperforms the models learning a single modality, obtaining state-of-the-art results on the task at hand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8110298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:53:07Z","timestamp":1667447587000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Multimodal Ensemble Driven by Multiobjective Optimisation to Predict Overall Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camillo Maria","family":"Caruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Guarrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6062-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermanno","family":"Cordelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Sicilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Beomonte Zobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Iannello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ramella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-072X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Soda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c0lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Word Health Organisation (2022, May 18). 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