{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:04:37Z","timestamp":1777637077208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three decades after the first set of work on Medical Augmented Reality (MAR) was presented to the international community, and ten years after the deployment of the first MAR solutions into operating rooms, its exact definition, basic components, systematic design, and validation still lack a detailed discussion. This paper defines the basic components of any Augmented Reality (AR) solution and extends them to exemplary Medical Augmented Reality Systems (MARS). We use some of the original MARS applications developed at the Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and deployed into medical schools for teaching anatomy and into operating rooms for telemedicine and surgical guidance throughout the last decades to identify the corresponding basic components. In this regard, the paper is not discussing all past or existing solutions but only aims at defining the principle components and discussing the particular domain modeling for MAR and its design-development-validation process, and providing exemplary cases through the past in-house developments of such solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:45:54Z","timestamp":1672116354000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Medical Augmented Reality: Definition, Principle Components, Domain Modeling, and Design-Development-Validation Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nassir","family":"Navab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9341-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Martin-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9960-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Seibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Research in Orthopedic Computer Science, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6247-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sommersperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8428-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, DE-80336 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"medPhoton GmbH, AT-5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Eck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kemp, M. 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