{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:57:10Z","timestamp":1780617430084,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Brain Tumor Fusion-based Segments and Classification-Non-enhancing tumor (BTFSC-Net) is a hybrid system for classifying brain tumors that combine medical image fusion, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification procedures. Materials and Methods: to reduce noise from medical images, the hybrid probabilistic wiener filter (HPWF) is first applied as a preprocessing step. Then, to combine robust edge analysis (REA) properties in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) medical images, a fusion network based on deep learning convolutional neural networks (DLCNN) is developed. Here, the brain images\u2019 slopes and borders are detected using REA. To separate the sick region from the color image, adaptive fuzzy c-means integrated k-means (HFCMIK) clustering is then implemented. To extract hybrid features from the fused image, low-level features based on the redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT), empirical color features, and texture characteristics based on the gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) are also used. Finally, to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors, a deep learning probabilistic neural network (DLPNN) is deployed. Results: according to the findings, the suggested BTFSC-Net model performed better than more traditional preprocessing, fusion, segmentation, and classification techniques. Additionally, 99.21% segmentation accuracy and 99.46% classification accuracy were reached using the proposed BTFSC-Net model. Conclusions: earlier approaches have not performed as well as our presented method for image fusion, segmentation, feature extraction, classification operations, and brain tumor classification. These results illustrate that the designed approach performed more effectively in terms of enhanced quantitative evaluation with better accuracy as well as visual performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1672625568000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Feature Extraction Using Probabilistic Neural Network and BTFSC-Net Model with Deep Learning for Brain Tumor Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5783-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun Singh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1718-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Application, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujrat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Girija Rani","family":"Karetla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, Data and Mathematical Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Cotrina-Aliaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigation, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Chorrillos 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Arias-Gonz\u00e1les","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Applications, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad 201009, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5791-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyajee","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufyan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nithesh","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-Oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Curiouz TechLab Private Limited, BIRAC-BioNEST, Manipal Government of Karnataka Bioincubator, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babita","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha S.","family":"Tatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Postgraduate Diploma in Management, Institute of PGDM, Mumbai Education Trust, Mumbai 400050, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10443-1","article-title":"A comprehensive review on brain tumor segmentation and classification of MRI images","volume":"80","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. 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