{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:08:33Z","timestamp":1761646113618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a discussion about the fundamental principles of Analysis of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR\/VR) Systems for Medical Imaging and Computer-Assisted Interventions. The three key concepts of Analysis (Verification, Evaluation, and Validation) are introduced, illustrated with examples of systems using AR\/VR, and defined. The concepts of system specifications, measurement accuracy, uncertainty, and observer variability are defined and related to the analysis principles. The concepts are illustrated with examples of AR\/VR working systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T06:25:46Z","timestamp":1673936746000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Verification, Evaluation, and Validation: Which, How &amp; Why, in Medical Augmented Reality System Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Eagleson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI and Software Engineering Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3010-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Joskowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100065","article-title":"First in man in-situ augmented reality pedicle screw navigation","volume":"6","author":"Farshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Am. Spine Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83506-4","article-title":"Real-time Acoustic Sensing and Artificial Intelligence for Error Prevention in Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"11","author":"Seibold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hein, J., Seibold, M., Bogo, F., Farshad, M., Pollefeys, M., F\u00fcrnstahl, P., and Navab, N. (2021, January 22\u201323). Monocular Markerless Tool-in-Hand-Tracking for Surgery. Proceedings of the IPCAI 2021: International Conference on Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions, Virtual."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e2184","article-title":"HoloYolo: A proof-of-concept study for marker-less surgical navigation of spinal rod implants with augmented reality and on-device machine learning","volume":"17","author":"Liebmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot. Comput. Assist. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101598","article-title":"An automatic genetic algorithm framework for the optimization of three-dimensional surgical plans of forearm corrective osteotomies","volume":"60","author":"Carrillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-01973-7","article-title":"Pedicle screw navigation using surface digitization on the Microsoft HoloLens","volume":"14","author":"Liebmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput.-Sisted Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, L., Yang, J., Gu, F., Fan, J., Zhu, Q., and Liu, X. (J. Am. Soc. Surg. Hand., 2022). Validity and Reliability of a Depth Camera-Based Quantitative Measurement for Joint Motion of the Hand, J. Am. Soc. Surg. Hand., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2022.08.011"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Baxter, J., Rekik, I., Eagleson, R., Zhou, L., Syeda-Mahmood, T., Wang, H., and Hajij, M. (2022, January 18\u201322). Ethical and Philosophical Issues in Medical Imaging. Proceedings of the LNCS 13755 Proceedings, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2022, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/001316444600600405","article-title":"Response Sets and Test Validity","volume":"6","author":"Cronbach","year":"1946","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct Validity in Psychological Tests","volume":"52","author":"Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Linn, R.L. (1989). Validity. Educational Measurement, Macmillan. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Baxter, J.S.H., Rekik, I., and Eagleson, R. EPIMI Keynote Lecture. Ethical and Philosophical Issues in Medical Imaging, Proceedings of the MICCAI 2022, Singapore, 21 September 2022, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Joskowicz, L. (2023, January 10). \u201cComputer Aided Orthopaedic Surgery: Past, Present, and Future\u201d Keynote Lecture at the Medical Augmented Reality Summer School (MARSS\u20192021), Balgrist Hospital ETZ Campus, Zurich, 6 September 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d4TM4irkMU0."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eagleson, R. (2023, January 10). \u201cVerification, Evaluation, and Validation: Which, How, and Why\u201d Keynote lecture at the Medical Augmented Reality Summer School (MARSS\u20192021), Balgrist Hospital ETZ campus, Zurich, 9 September 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EybV2z7BSKk.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9020020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/2\/20\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:14Z","timestamp":1760119694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/2\/20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging9020020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging9020020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}