{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:56Z","timestamp":1760148596987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a method of reproducing perceptual translucency in three-dimensional printing. In contrast to most conventional methods, which reproduce the physical properties of translucency, we focus on the perceptual aspects of translucency. Humans are known to rely on simple cues to perceive translucency, and we develop a method of reproducing these cues using the gradation of surface textures. Textures are designed to reproduce the intensity distribution of the shading and thus provide a cue for the perception of translucency. In creating textures, we adopt computer graphics to develop an image-based optimization method. We validate the effectiveness of the method through subjective evaluation experiments using three-dimensionally printed objects. The results of the validation suggest that the proposed method using texture may increase perceptual translucency under specific conditions. As a method for translucent 3D printing, our method has the limitation that it depends on the observation conditions; however, it provides knowledge to the field of perception that the human visual system can be cheated by only surface textures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9050105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T01:36:48Z","timestamp":1684805808000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perceptual Translucency in 3D Printing Using Surface Texture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5717-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamui","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mimaki Engineering Co., Ltd., Nagano 389-0512, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norimichi","family":"Tsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.8.4","article-title":"Translucency perception: A review","volume":"21","author":"Gigilashvili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. United States","volume":"160","author":"Nicodemus","year":"1977","journal-title":"Natl. Bur. Stand."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, H.W., Marschner, S.R., Levoy, M., and Hanrahan, P. (2001, January 12\u201317). A practical model for subsurface light transport. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383319"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-021-00727-6","article-title":"Spectral-based estimation of components concentration in skin tissue layers with independence of shading via optical modeling of skin tissue","volume":"27","author":"Igarashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073308","article-title":"Light Diffusion in Multi-Layered Translucent Materials","volume":"24","author":"Donner","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778799","article-title":"Fabricating spatially-varying subsurface scattering","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical Reproduction of Materials with Specified Subsurface Scattering","volume":"61","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461974","article-title":"Fabricating translucent materials using continuous pigment mixtures","volume":"32","author":"Papas","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41074-018-0043-x","article-title":"Controlling translucency by UV printing on a translucent object","volume":"10","author":"Takatani","year":"2018","journal-title":"IPSJ Trans. Comput. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201349","article-title":"3D printing spatially varying color and translucency","volume":"37","author":"Brunton","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/3319910","article-title":"Redefining A in RGBA: Towards a Standard for Graphical 3D Printing","volume":"38","author":"Urban","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/10.9.6","article-title":"Highlight-shading relationship as a cue for the perception of translucent and transparent materials","volume":"10","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711416115","article-title":"Perception and misperception of surface opacity","volume":"114","author":"Marlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11","article-title":"Production-ready global illumination","volume":"16","author":"Landis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Siggraph Course Notes"},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). Stratasys|3D Printers. Available online: https:\/\/www.stratasys.com\/en\/3d-printers\/printer-catalog\/.","key":"ref_15"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2832905","article-title":"Pushing the Limits of 3D Color Printing: Error Diffusion with Translucent Materials","volume":"35","author":"Brunton","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130890","article-title":"Scattering-aware texture reproduction for 3D printing","volume":"36","author":"Elek","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3322992","article-title":"Geometry-aware scattering compensation for 3D printing","volume":"38","author":"Sumin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.142626","article-title":"Neural Acceleration of Scattering-Aware Color 3D Printing","volume":"40","author":"Rittig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073605","article-title":"Color contoning for 3D printing","volume":"36","author":"Babaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275057","article-title":"Deep multispectral painting reproduction via multi-layer, custom-ink printing","volume":"37","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). Mimaki Engineering|3DUJ-553. Available online: https:\/\/japan.mimaki.com\/product\/3d\/3d-inkjet\/3duj-553\/.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-021-00679-z","article-title":"Prediction of the layered ink layout for 3D printers considering a desired skin color and line spread function","volume":"28","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50501-1","DOI":"10.2352\/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2021.65.5.050501","article-title":"Layout Estimation for Layered Ink of 3D Printer to Reproduce the Desired Line Spread Function of Skin using Simulated Data1","volume":"65","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Imaging Sci. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagasawa, K., Yamamoto, S., Arai, W., Hakkaku, K., Koopipat, C., Hirai, K., and Tsumura, N. (2022). Fabrication of a Human Skin Mockup with a Multilayered Concentration Map of Pigment Components Using a UV Printer. J. Imaging, 8.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8030073"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.002148","article-title":"Color constancy I Basic theory of two-stage linear recovery of spectral descriptions for lights and surfaces","volume":"10","author":"Iverson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00173-0","article-title":"Perception viewed as an inverse problem","volume":"41","author":"Pizlo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.10.026","article-title":"The perception of gloss: A review","volume":"109","author":"Chadwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1145\/1077399.1077409","article-title":"Low-Level Image Cues in the Perception of Translucent Materials","volume":"2","author":"Fleming","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05724","article-title":"Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities","volume":"447","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the role of phase function in translucent appearance","volume":"32","author":"Gkioulekas","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (ToG)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1167\/14.10.1316","article-title":"Looking against the light: How perception of translucency depends on lighting direction and phase function","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1068\/i0576","article-title":"Image Regions Contributing to Perceptual Translucency: A Psychophysical Reverse-Correlation Study","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"2013","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkioulekas, I., Walter, B., Adelson, E.H., Bala, K., and Zickler, T. (2015, January 7\u201312). On the Appearance of Translucent Edges. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Boston, MA, USA.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299192"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2169-2629.2017.32.94","article-title":"Visual perception of 3D printed translucent objects","volume":"Volume 2016","author":"Vu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Color and Imaging Conference"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"26","article-title":"On the appearance of objects and materials: Qualitative analysis of experimental observations","volume":"27","author":"Gigilashvili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Colour Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108140","article-title":"The perception of translucency from surface gloss","volume":"205","author":"Kiyokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). Blender.org. Available online: https:\/\/www.blender.org\/.","key":"ref_38"},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). Ambient Occlusion|Blender Manual. Available online: https:\/\/docs.blender.org\/manual\/en\/latest\/render\/shader_nodes\/input\/ao.html.","key":"ref_39"},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). The Stanford 3D Scanning Repository. Available online: http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/data\/3Dscanrep\/.","key":"ref_40"},{"unstructured":"(2023, May 18). Poly Haven HDRIs. Available online: https:\/\/polyhaven.com\/hdris\/indoor.","key":"ref_41"},{"unstructured":"Gigilashvili, D., and Trumpy, G. (2022, January 8\u20139). Appearance Manipulation in Spatial Augmented Reality using Image Differences. Proceedings of the 11th Colour and Visual Computing Symposium, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway.","key":"ref_42"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/5\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:40:10Z","timestamp":1760125210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/5\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging9050105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging9050105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]}}}