{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:43:25Z","timestamp":1771580605437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONICET"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Sur"},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accuracy assessment of three different Normalized Difference Water indices (NDWIs) was performed in La Salada, a typical lake in the Pampean region. Data were gathered during April 2019, a period in which floods occurred in a large area in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). The accuracy of the estimations using spaceborne medium-resolution multi-spectral imaging and the reliability of three NDWIs to highlight shallow water features in satellite images were evaluated using a high-resolution airbone imagery as ground truth. We show that these indices computed using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 imagery are only loosely correlated to the actual flooded area in shallow waters. Indeed, NDWI values vary significantly depending on the satellite mission used and the type of index computed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9090186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T02:17:30Z","timestamp":1695003450000},"page":"186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Water Indices: A Case Study in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermina Soledad","family":"Santecchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Andr\u00e9s 800, Campus Altos del Palihue, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional del Sur UNS, Av. Al\u00e9m 1253, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Gisela Noelia","family":"Revollo Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJU)-CONICET, Can\u00f3nigo Gorriti 237, San Salvador de Jujuy 4600, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy UNJU, \u00cdtalo Palanca 10, San Salvador de Jujuy 4600, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-0809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibila Andrea","family":"Genchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Argentino de Oceanograf\u00eda (UNS)-CONICET, Florida 8000, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur UNS, 12 de Octubre y San Juan, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Jos\u00e9","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Argentino de Oceanograf\u00eda (UNS)-CONICET, Florida 8000, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur UNS, 12 de Octubre y San Juan, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y de Computadoras, UNS, San Andr\u00e9s 800, Campus Altos del Palihue, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Augusto","family":"Delrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Andr\u00e9s 800, Campus Altos del Palihue, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y de Computadoras, UNS, San Andr\u00e9s 800, Campus Altos del Palihue, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020687","article-title":"Flood Mapping and Flood Dynamics of the Mekong Delta: ENVISAT-ASAR-WSM Based Time Series Analyses","volume":"5","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"319","article-title":"Spatial Shrinkage of Vembanad Lake, South West India during 1973\u20132015 using NDWI and MNDWI","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Islam, A.S., Bala, S.K., and Haque, A. (2009, January 15\u201317). Flood inundation map of Bangladesh using MODIS surface reflectance data. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Flood Management (ICWFM), Dhaka, Bangladesh."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-318X.2010.01074.x","article-title":"Flood inundation map of Bangladesh using MODIS time-series images","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.008","article-title":"A near real-time water surface detection method based on HSV transformation of MODIS multi-spectral time series data","volume":"140","author":"Pekel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073544","article-title":"Using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) within a Geographic Information System to Detect Swimming Pools for Mosquito Abatement: A Practical Approach","volume":"5","author":"McFeeters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). Chris Neigh, Landsat Science, Available online: https:\/\/landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7912","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1766150","article-title":"Small water bodies mapped from Sentinel-2 MSI (MultiSpectral Imager) imagery with higher accuracy","volume":"41","author":"Bie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Water body detection and delineation with Landsat TM data","volume":"66","author":"Frazier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, June 25). European Space Agency, about Sentinel Online. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, B.M., Sultan, M.A., Attyia, M.N., Al Maliki, A.A., and Al-Ansari, N. (2019). Change Detection and Impact of Climate Changes to Iraqi Southern Marshes Using Landsat 2 MSS, Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Data and GIS Applications. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9102016"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6w, M., and Koukal, T. (2020). Phenology Modelling and Forest Disturbance Mapping with Sentinel-2 Time Series in Austria. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-26379\/v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasaponara, R., Abate, N., Fattore, C., Aromando, A., Cardettini, G., and Di Fonzo, M. (2022). On the Use of Sentinel-2 NDVI Time Series and Google Earth Engine to Detect Land-Use\/Land-Cover Changes in Fire-Affected Areas. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194723"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080640","article-title":"First experiences in mapping lake water quality parameters with Sentinel-2 MSI imagery","volume":"8","author":"Kaire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060596","article-title":"Mapping of urban surface water bodies from Sentinel-2 MSI imagery at 10 m resolution via NDWI-based image sharpening","volume":"9","author":"Xiucheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.022","article-title":"Potential of ESA\u2019s Sentinel-2 for geological applications","volume":"148","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Alfonso, M.B. (2018). Estructura y Din\u00e1mica del Zooplancton en una Laguna con Manejo Antr\u00f3pico: Laguna La Salada (Pedro Luro, Pcia. de Buenos Aires). [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Sur]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-014-1946-x","article-title":"Shallow lakes from the Central Plains of Argentina: An overview and worldwide comparative analysis of their basic limnological features","volume":"752","author":"Diovisalvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"109","article-title":"Variaci\u00f3n del \u00e1rea de la laguna la salada en relaci\u00f3n al r\u00e9gimen pluviom\u00e9trico de la regi\u00f3n","volume":"20","author":"Bohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrib. Cient\u00edficas GAEA\u2014Soc. Argent. Estud. Geogr\u00e1ficos"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021WR030026","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR030026","article-title":"Monitoring the storage volume of water reservoirs using Google Earth Engine","volume":"58","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/9\/186\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:52:42Z","timestamp":1760129562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/9\/9\/186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging9090186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging9090186","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]}}}