{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:57:30Z","timestamp":1780469850986,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an approach based on radio frequency identification (RFID) and machine learning for contamination sensing of food items and drinks such as soft drinks, alcohol, baby formula milk, etc. We employ sticker-type inkjet printed ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags for contamination sensing experimentation. The RFID tag antenna was mounted on pure as well as contaminated food products with known contaminant quantity. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI), as well as the phase of the backscattered signal from the RFID tag mounted on the food item, are measured using the Tagformance Pro setup. We used a machine-learning algorithm XGBoost for further training of the model and improving the accuracy of sensing, which is about 90%. Therefore, this research study paves a way for ubiquitous contamination\/content sensing using RFID and machine learning technologies that can enlighten their users about the health concerns and safety of their food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan10040063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:14:52Z","timestamp":1635891292000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Machine Learning Enabled Food Contamination Detection Using RFID and Internet of Things System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Sharif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qammer H.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and IT, Ajman University, Ajman AE 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuja","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zulfiqar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2883-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan T.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osifeko, M.O., Hancke, G.P., and Abu-Mahfouz, A.M. 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