{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:05:51Z","timestamp":1775041551496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From a basic refrigerator to a self-driving car, emerging technologies are increasingly involving various facets of our daily lives. These bring together many regularly used devices, each with its own characteristics, to communicate and collaborate within the same system. Computer network experts regard this so-called structure as a heterogeneous network made up of several connected objects that do not speak the same language. Communication is therefore ensured by additional types of nodes, such as gateways or converters. In this case, we can detect an increased complexity and a decreased level of security. And thus, the need to adopt a common slang for these kinds of networks has been brought to life. In this work, we compare two different routing protocols: optimized link-state routing (OLSR) and the multipath heterogeneous ad hoc network OLSR (MHAR-OLSR). The latter is an OLSR extension with new functionalities: nodes identification, paths calculation, paths classification, and paths choice that we designed for heterogeneous ad hoc networks composed of MANET, VANET, and FANET devices; it ensures direct communication between these diverse components. We verify and explain all the elements of our solution using colored Petri nets. We also present a global evaluation of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-To-End Delay, and energy consumption as QoS measures with different numbers of nodes in a heterogeneous scenario. To do this, we use NS-3 and BonnMotion as a tool-set of simulation. Experimental results show improvement in performance when compared to the classical routing protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["New Multipath OLSR Protocol Version for Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-7688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaimae","family":"Benjbara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique et d\u2019Analyse des Syst\u00e8mes-ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal Rabat 10106, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Habbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique et d\u2019Analyse des Syst\u00e8mes-ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal Rabat 10106, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Mouchfiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique et d\u2019Analyse des Syst\u00e8mes-ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal Rabat 10106, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piechowiak, M., Zwierzykowski, P., Owczarek, P., and Was\u0142owicz, M. (2016, January 20\u201322). Comparative analysis of routing protocols for wireless mesh networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP.2016.7573902"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, V.K., Astya, R., Nand, P., and Pandey, G. (2017, January 5\u20136). Comparative study of AODV and DSR routing protocols in wireless sensor network using NS-2 simulator. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2017.8229889"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"390","article-title":"Study of Ad hoc Networks with Reference to MANET, VANET, FANET","volume":"7","author":"Krishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2414819","article-title":"Dynamic Routing for Flying Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"65","author":"Rosati","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"135","article-title":"A Study of Ad-Hoc Network: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Rani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19225","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2747401","article-title":"Balancing Interference and Delay in Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Networks With MIMO","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-017-1061-6","article-title":"Adaptive and Intelligent Energy Efficient Routing for Transparent Heterogeneous Ad-Hoc Network by Fusion of Game Theory and Linear Programming","volume":"48","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1166\/jctn.2017.6727","article-title":"A Cluster Based Intrusion Detection System for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Network","volume":"14","author":"Ganesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2763166","article-title":"Buffer Data-Driven Adaptation of Mobile Video Streaming Over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, S., Ohta, T., and Kakuda, Y. (2012, January 18\u201321). An Inter-domain Routing for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Packet Conversion and Address Sharing. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2012.14"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okano, K., Aoki, Y., Ohta, T., and Kakuda, Y. (2014, January 19\u201321). An Autonomous Clustering-Based Inter-domain Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2014.26"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.N., Narula-Tam, A., and Byan, R. (2014, January 6\u20138). Interconnecting Heterogeneous MANET Networks at the Tactical Edge. Proceedings of the IEEE Military Communications Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2014.194"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3003","article-title":"SRHM: Sustainable routing for heterogeneous ADHOC environment in IOT-based mobile communication","volume":"8","author":"Rekha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJACT"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Benjbara, C., Habbani, A., and Mahdi, F.E. (2019). Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de Communication bas\u00e9 sur la Classification des Chemins Multiples. (42342 IPC H04W 4\/00), MA Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Souidi, M., and Habbani, A. (2019). Zonage Dynamique et d\u00e9Centralis\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9Seaux pour R\u00e9duire le Traffic Broadcast bas\u00e9 sur des R\u00e8gles de Diffusion G\u00e9ographiques (GFR). (40652 IPC H04W 4\/00), MA Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mahdi, F.E., Habbani, A., and Benjbara, C. (2020). Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de Localisation et Isolation des trous noirs dans un R\u00e9seau Mobile Ad Hoc. (42357 IPC H04W 4\/00), MA Patent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2898477","article-title":"UAV-Assisted Supporting Services Connectivity in Urban VANETs","volume":"68","author":"Oubbati","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fendji, J.L.E.K., and Samo, S.D. (2019). Energy and performance evaluation of reactive, proactive, and hybrid routing protocols in wireless mesh network. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabbana, F. (2020). Performance Comparison and Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Netw., 12, Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3694426.","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2020.12401"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad, H.A., Yahiya, T.A., and Al-Salihi, N. (2019). Comparative Study Between Reactive and Proactive Protocols of (MANET) in Terms of Power Consumption and Quality of Service. Computer Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21952-9_8"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sallum, E., Santos, G., Alves, M., and Santos, M. (2018, January 15\u201317). Performance analysis and comparison of the DSDV, AODV and OLSR routing protocols under VANETs. Proceedings of the 2018 16th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications (ITST), Lisboa, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadadha, M., Otrok, H., Barada, H., Al-Qutayri, M., and Al-Hammadi, Y. (2017, January 26\u201330). A Street-Centric QoS-OLSR Protocol for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986502"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S. (2009, January 20\u201323). P-OLSR: Position-based optimized link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 34th Conference on Local Computer Networks, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2009.5355100"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K., and Verma, A.K. (2015, January 5\u20137). Experimental analysis of AODV, DSDV and OLSR routing protocol for flying adhoc networks (FANETs). Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCT.2015.7226085"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillen-Perez, A., Montoya, A.-M., Sanchez-Aarnoutse, J.-C., and Cano, M.-D. (2021). A Comparative Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks in Real Conditions. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104363"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosati, S., Kru\u017celecki, K., Traynard, L., and Mobile, B.R. (2013, January 9\u201313). Speed-aware routing for UAV ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2013.6825185"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjbara, C., Habbani, A., Mahdi, F.E., and Essaid, B. (2017, January 21\u201323). Multi-path routing protocol in the smart digital environment. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Smart Digital Environment, Rabat, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1145\/3128128.3128131"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"169","article-title":"Modeling and Verification of a Protocol for Operational Support Using Coloured Petri Nets","volume":"Volume 6709","author":"Westergaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Jacquet, P., and Herberg, U. (2010, January 25\u201327). The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2; RFC 7181. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Information Security, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCINS.2010.5544732"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Yi, J., and Parrein, B. (2021, December 24). Multipath Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2); RFC 8218. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/rfc8218\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/12.663776","article-title":"A note on the complexity of Dijkstra\u2019s algorithm for graphs with weighted vertices","volume":"47","author":"Barbehenn","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Hou, K., Liao, W., and Yang, L. (2012, January 27\u201329). The Shortest Path Algorithm Based on Petri Net. Proceedings of the The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37270-4_21"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri, H., and Zouari, B. (2014, January 28\u201330). A high-level Petri nets approach for multi-objective optimization in pipeline networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference On Simulation And Modeling Methodologies, Technologies And Applications (SIMULTECH), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005092602110218"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, P.A., Hasbullah, H.B., Rafique, S., Rehman, S.U., and Jung, L.T. (2014, January 3\u20135). Fuzzy logic based link status classification for efficient multipath routing in multi-hop wireless mesh networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCOINS.2014.6868381"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.06.006","article-title":"A distributed multi-path routing algorithm to balance energy consumption in wireless sensor networks","volume":"64","author":"Laouid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillen-Perez, A., and Maria-Dolores, C. (2018). Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A New Domain for Network Communications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103571"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102739","article-title":"Communication and networking technologies for UAVs: A survey","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2495297","article-title":"Survey of important issues in UAV communication networks","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.04.001","article-title":"Intelligent UAV-Assisted Routing Protocol for Urban VANETs","volume":"107","author":"Oubbati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Muruganathan, S.D., Lin, X., Maattanen, H.-L., Zou, Z., Hapsari, W.A., and Yasukawa, S. (2018). An Overview of 3GPP Release-15 Study on Enhanced LTE Support for Connected Drones. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"29","article-title":"A survey on position-based routing protocols for Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs)","volume":"10","author":"Oubbati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Clausen, T., and Jacquet, P. (2021, December 24). Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), RFC 3626, Project Hipercom, INRIA, Oct. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc3626."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, December 24). The Network Simulator NS-3. Available online: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs","volume":"1","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, M., and Kaur, M. (2019, January 15\u201316). Ad-Hoc Network Routing Protocols for Wireless Body Area Network. Proceedings of the ICAICR \u201919: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advanced Informatics for Computing Research, Shimla, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/3339311.3339339"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9805","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2989924","article-title":"Routing Protocol Design for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks: A Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Approach","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/11\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:54:37Z","timestamp":1760169277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/11\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan11010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan11010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]}}}