{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1772713471739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F)"},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University"},{"name":"Rachadapisek Sompote Fund for Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances have allowed the monitoring of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human exhaled breath, and many of them are being utilized as a biomarker to diagnose several diseases, including diabetes. Among several VOCs, isopropanol (IPA) has been reported as a common volatile compound in the exhaled breath of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this article, an experimental approach is discussed to develop a highly selective and sensitive IPA vapor sensor system. The fabricated sensor is comprised of a small and portable glass slide coated with molecularly imprinted polymer containing specific binding sites compatible with IPA molecules. The developed sensor is based on the wavelength interrogation technique. The fabricated device is analyzed for the detection of IPA vapor with different concentrations varying from 50% to 100%. The sensor exhibits maximum sensitivities of 0.37, 0.30, and 0.62 nm\/%IPA, respectively, for 30, 60, and 90 min, respectively, and an excellent sensitivity of 0.63 nm\/%IPA for 120 min exposure along with good selectivity among a similar class of VOCs. The major features of the sensor i.e., small size, portability, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and good selectivity, make it a potential candidate for diabetes monitoring. The promising results of the sensor illustrate its potential in diabetes monitoring applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11030046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Optical Sensor for Isopropanol Vapor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1656-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. K.","family":"Pathak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Limprapassorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kongruttanachok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Viphavakit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Engineering (ISE), Intelligent Control Automation of Process Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-74","article-title":"Breath Tests in Medicine","volume":"267","author":"Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.02.006","article-title":"The clinical potential of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes mellitus","volume":"97","author":"Minh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"128","article-title":"Acetone in breath and blood","volume":"88","author":"Crofford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopold, J.H., van Hooijdonk, R.T., Sterk, P.J., Abu-Hanna, A., Schultz, M.J., and Bos, L.D. (2014). Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites\u2014A systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2253-14-46"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200409-1184OC","article-title":"Detection of Lung Cancer by Sensor Array Analyses of Exhaled Breath","volume":"171","author":"Machado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00085105","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of young patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.05.043","article-title":"An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls","volume":"120","author":"Dragonieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01386.x","article-title":"A Characterization of Sources of Isopropanol Detected on Postmortem Toxicologic Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Molina","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17480","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00815E","article-title":"Exhaled isopropanol: New potential biomarker in diabetic breathomics and its metabolic correlations with acetone","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22631","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3104766","article-title":"VOC biomarker monitoring for diabetes through exhaled breath using Ag\/P-TiO2 composite plasmonic sensor","volume":"21","author":"Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-291-2017","article-title":"An improved, automated whole air sampler and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis system for volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere","volume":"10","author":"Lerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.03.003","article-title":"Colorimetric detection of volatile organic compounds using a colloidal crystal-based chemical sensor for environmental application","volume":"125","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2711959","article-title":"Demonstration of Polarization-Independent Surface Plasmon Resonance Polymer Waveguide for Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"35","author":"Viphavakit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7487","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.007487","article-title":"Realization of a polymer nanowire optical transducer by using the nanoimprint technique","volume":"53","author":"Viphavakit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, D.L., Lin, T.-F., Lin, T.-H., and Wu, M.-C. (2020). Highly-Sensitive Detection of Volatile Organic Compound Vapors by Electrospun PANI\/P3TI\/PMMA Fibers. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020455"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.1021\/la804168b","article-title":"Computer Simulation of Volatile Organic Compound Adsorption in Atomistic Models of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers","volume":"25","author":"Herdes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/s7030267","article-title":"Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113455","article-title":"A Review on All-optical Fiber-based VOC sensors: Heading Towards the Development of Promising Technology","volume":"338","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-021-0626-5","article-title":"Demonstration of a Polymer-Based Single Step Waveguide by 3D Printing Digital Light Processing Technology for Isopropanol Alcohol-Concentration Sensor","volume":"12","author":"Swargiary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Bai, H., Wang, G., Hu, X., Kumar, S., and Min, R. (2021). Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120472"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2020.106440","article-title":"A fiber Bragg gratings pair embedded in a polyurethane diaphragm: Towards a temperature-insensitive pressure sensor","volume":"131","author":"Frizera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.2988554","article-title":"Thermal and Mechanical Analyses of Fiber Bragg Gratings-Embedded Polymer Diaphragms","volume":"32","author":"Frizera","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3133007","article-title":"Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials-Based Kretschmann Configuration for SPR Sensors: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3158090","article-title":"Recent Advancement of Phase Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Ultrasonic Wave Application: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2017.09.022","article-title":"A wide range and highly sensitive optical fiber pH sensor using polyacrylamide hydrogel","volume":"39","author":"Pathak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026111","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.2.026111","article-title":"Magnetic field sensor based on selectively magnetic fluid infiltrated dual-core photonic crystal fiber","volume":"55","author":"Gangwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesavento, M., Zeni, L., de Maria, L., Alberti, G., and Cennamo, N. (2021). SPR-Optical Fiber-Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor for the Detection of Furfural in Wine. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11030072"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.135","article-title":"Fiber optic SPR sensor for the detection of 3-pyridinecarboxamide (vitamin B3) using molecularly imprinted hydrogel","volume":"177","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an01098h","article-title":"Optical fiber sensor for the detection of tetracycline using surface plasmon resonance and molecular imprinting","volume":"138","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.067","article-title":"High selectivity and sensitivity sensor based on MIP and SPR in tapered plastic optical fibers for the detection of l-nicotine","volume":"191","author":"Cennamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1021\/ac001331x","article-title":"Fibers Coated with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Solid-Phase Microextraction","volume":"73","author":"Koster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.037","article-title":"Molecular imprinted polymer-coated optical fiber sensor for the identification of low molecular weight molecules","volume":"128","author":"Ianoul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2019.05.003","article-title":"Analysis of thiophenes in seawater: Molecularly imprinted polymer thin-film extraction with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"443","author":"Hijazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2018.100254","article-title":"A reflection-mode fibre-optic sensor for breath carbon dioxide measurement in healthcare","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01861a033","article-title":"The Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures from 12 to 40\u00b0 and at Pressures to 500 Atmospheres. Critical Phenomena","volume":"62","author":"Wiebe","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-019-0336-0","article-title":"Non-invasive identification of polymers in cultural heritage collections: Evaluation, optimisation and application of portable FTIR (ATR and external reflectance) spectroscopy to three-dimensional polymer-based objects","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asman, S., Mohamad, S., and Sarih, N. (2015). Exploiting \u03b2-Cyclodextrin in Molecular Imprinting for Achieving Recognition of Benzylparaben in Aqueous Media. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16023656"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.139","article-title":"Detection of theaflavins in black tea using a molecular imprinted polyacrylamide-graphite nanocomposite electrode","volume":"246","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/15685551.2015.1070504","article-title":"Design and synthesis of cauliflower-shaped hydroxyl functionalized core-shell polymer","volume":"18","author":"Mane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-020-02316-6","article-title":"Theoretical assessment of D-shaped optical fiber chemical sensor associated with nanoscale silver strip operating in near-infrared region","volume":"52","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3131694","article-title":"Design and Sensitivity Improvement of Microstructured-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Sensor for Methane and Hydrogen Fluoride Detection","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3182783","article-title":"Nanowire Embedded Micro-Drilled Dual-Channel Approach to Develop Highly Sensitive Biosensor","volume":"34","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01703-0","article-title":"Colorimetric Based Polysorbate Crosslinked Cellulose-Ag\u2013Cu Nanohybrid Sensor for Urea Sensing Applications","volume":"28","author":"Nwosu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/11\/3\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:17Z","timestamp":1760141177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/11\/3\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan11030046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan11030046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}