{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:35:34Z","timestamp":1783118134563,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TETFund, Nigeria","award":["TETF\/ES\/DR& D-1674 CE\/NRF2020\/SET1\/67\/VOL.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETF\/ES\/DR& D-1674 CE\/NRF2020\/SET1\/67\/VOL.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased research outputs in telemedicine over the last couple of years. One solution to the COVID-19 pandemic as revealed in literature is to leverage telemedicine for accessing health care remotely. In this survey paper, we review several articles on eHealth and Telemedicine with emphasis on the articles\u2019 focus area, including wireless technologies and architectures in eHealth, communications protocols, Quality of Service, and Experience Standards, among other considerations. In addition, we provide an overview of telemedicine for new readers. This survey reviews several telecommunications technologies currently being proposed along with their standards and challenges. In general, an encompassing survey on the developments in telemedicine technology, standards, and protocols is presented while acquainting researchers with several open issues. Special mention of the state-of-the-art specialist application areas are presented. We conclude the survey paper by presenting important research challenges and potential future directions as they pertain to telemedicine technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan12020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T01:43:00Z","timestamp":1677807780000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Telemedicine: A Survey of Telecommunication Technologies, Developments, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6258-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Omoanatse","family":"Alenoghena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5698-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Ohiani","family":"Ohize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-4599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achonu Oluwole","family":"Adejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0166-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeiza James","family":"Onumanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next Generation Enterprises and Institutions, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Esebanme","family":"Ohihoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliyu Idris","family":"Balarabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6354-0424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supreme Ayewoh","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Veritas University, Abuja 900001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Kolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Open Distance and e-Learning, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Alenoghena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(98)00067-3","article-title":"The Evolution of Telemedicine","volume":"15","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Future Gener. 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