{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:31:24Z","timestamp":1780615884058,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of things (IoT) has recently received a great deal of attention, and there has been a large increase in the number of IoT devices owing to its significance in current communication networks. In addition, the validation of devices is an important concern and a major safety demand in IoT systems, as any faults in the authentication or identification procedure will lead to threatening attacks that cause the system to close. In this study, a new, three-phase authentication protocol in IoT is implemented. The initial phase concerns the user registration phase, in which encryption takes place with a hybrid Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)\u2013Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) model with an optimization strategy, whereby key generation is optimally accomplished via a Self-Improved Aquila Optimizer (SI-AO). The second and third phases include the login process and the authentication phase, in which information flow control-based authentication is conducted. Finally, decryption is achieved based on the hybrid ECC\u2013AES model. The employed scheme\u2019s improvement is established using various metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan13040041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1721219383000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hybrid Encryption Model for Secured Three-Phase Authentication Protocol in IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4002-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Munshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar","family":"Alshawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.03.021","article-title":"SecTrust-RPL: A secure trust-aware RPL routing protocol for Internet of Things","volume":"93","author":"Airehrour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. 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