{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:39:01Z","timestamp":1760146741675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["ERI 2138574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERI 2138574"]}]},{"name":"UTRGV Biomedical Engineering Start-up grant","award":["ERI 2138574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERI 2138574"]}]},{"name":"Bentsen Endowment","award":["ERI 2138574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERI 2138574"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, a novel interdigitated gear-shaped, graphene-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of dopamine (DA). The sensor\u2019s innovative design improves the active surface area by 94.52% and 57% compared to commercially available Metrohm DropSens 110 screen-printed sensors and printed circular sensors, respectively. The screen-printed electrode was fabricated using laser processing and modified with graphene polyaniline conductive ink (G-PANI) to enhance its electrochemical properties. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the physiochemical properties of the sensor. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for several body functions, was detected within a linear range of 0.1\u2013100 \u00b5M, with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.043 \u00b5M (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.98) in phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) with ferri\/ferrocyanide as the redox probe. The performance of the sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Chronoamperometry, demonstrating high sensitivity and selectivity. The interdigitated gear-shaped design exhibited excellent repeatability, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.2% (n = 4) and reproducibility, with an RSD of 2.3% (n = 4). In addition to detecting dopamine in human serum, the sensor effectively distinguished dopamine in a ternary mixture containing uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Overall, this novel sensor design offers a reliable, disposable, and cost-effective solution for dopamine detection, with potential applications in medical diagnostics and neurological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan13060084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T06:25:16Z","timestamp":1733466316000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interdigitated Gear-Shaped Screen-Printed Electrode Using G-PANI Ink for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4680-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pritu Parna","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}]},{"given":"Ridma","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Hasnain","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazmul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2024.118157","article-title":"A review: Progress and trend advantage of dopamine electrochemical sensor","volume":"959","author":"Karim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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