{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:53:13Z","timestamp":1778507593623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K07993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K07993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The control of water levels in various environments is very important for predicting flooding and mitigating flood damages. Generally, water level device gauges are used to measure water levels, but the structural setting of reservoirs presents significant challenges for the installation of water level device gauges. Therefore, the solution to this problem is to apply image recognition methods using water level device gauges. In this paper, we present an intelligent water level estimation system considering water level device gauge image recognition and a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). We carried out experiments in a water reservoir to evaluate the proposed system. From the experimental results, we found that the proposed system can estimate the water level via the object recognition of numbers and symbols on the water level device gauge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan14010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1738235303000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Intelligent Water Level Estimation System Considering Water Level Device Gauge Image Recognition and Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Yukawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Computer Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeharu","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosphere-Geosphere Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaharu","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Computer Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Barolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1, Washirohigashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 811-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (2022). 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