{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:52:42Z","timestamp":1767203562909,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thanks to light detection and ranging (LiDAR), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are able to detect different objects in their environment and measure the distance between them. This device gives the ability to see its surroundings in real time. However, the accuracy of LiDAR can be reduced, especially in rainy weather, fog, urban smog and the like. These factors can have disastrous consequences as they increase the errors in the vehicle\u2019s control computer. The aim of this research was to determine the most appropriate LiDAR frequency for static objects, depending on the distance to them and the scanning frequency in different weather conditions; therefore, it is based on empiric data obtained by using the RoboPeak A1M8 LiDAR. The results obtained in rainy conditions are compared with the same ones in clear weather, using stochastic methods. A direct influence of both the frequencies used and the rain on the accuracy of the LiDAR measurements was found. The range measurement errors increase in rainy weather; as the scanning frequency increases, the results become more accurate but capture a smaller number of object points. The higher frequencies lead to about five times less error at the farthest distances compared to the lower frequencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan14030056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T08:12:47Z","timestamp":1748419967000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Study of Lidar System for a Static Object in Adverse Weather Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Saulius","family":"Japertas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transport Engineering Department, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Donelai\u010dio St. 73, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology, Lietuvos In\u017einerijos Kolegija\/Higher Education Institution, Tvirtov\u0117s al. 35, LT-50155 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u016bta","family":"Jank\u016bnien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology, Lietuvos In\u017einerijos Kolegija\/Higher Education Institution, Tvirtov\u0117s al. 35, LT-50155 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Knechtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Electrical Engineering, Schmalkalden University of Applied Sciences, Blechhammer 4-9, D-98574 Schmalkalden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012028","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1022\/1\/012028","article-title":"Autonomous cars: Recent developments, challenges, and possible solutions","volume":"1022","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. 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