{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:21:23Z","timestamp":1761974483315,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012639","name":"Prince Sultan University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012639","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring the security and privacy of confidential data during transmission is a critical challenge, necessitating advanced techniques to protect against unwarranted disclosures. Steganography, a concealment technique, enables secret information to be embedded in seemingly harmless carriers such as images, audio, and video. This work proposes two secure audio steganography models based on the least significant bit (LSB) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) techniques for concealing different types of multimedia data (i.e., text, image, and audio) in audio files, representing an enhancement of current research that tends to focus on embedding a single type of multimedia data. The first model (secured model (1)) focuses on high embedding capacity, while the second model (secured model (2)) focuses on improved security. The performance of the two proposed secure models was tested under various conditions. The models\u2019 robustness was greatly enhanced using convolutional encoding with binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Experimental results indicated that the correlation coefficient (Cr) of the extracted secret audio in secured model (1) increased by 18.88% and by 16.18% in secured model (2) compared to existing methods. In addition, the Cr of the extracted secret image in secured model (1) was improved by 0.1% compared to existing methods. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the steganography audio of secured model (1) was improved by 49.95% and 14.44% compared to secured model (2) and previous work, respectively. Furthermore, both models were evaluated in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over various wireless channels, i.e., Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading, and SUI-6 channels. In order to enhance the system performance, OFDM was combined with differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation and convolutional coding. The results demonstrate that secured model (1) is highly immune to noise generated by wireless channels and is the optimum technique for secure audio steganography on noisy communication channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan14060106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Audio Steganography Transmission over Various Wireless Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar A.","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Eyssa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications, Zagazig Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud I.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"ElAffendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Abdullah S.","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhamied A.","family":"Ateya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"},{"name":"EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania A.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3729165","article-title":"A Generic Taxonomy for Steganography Methods","volume":"57","author":"Wendzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Comput. 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