{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T05:19:56Z","timestamp":1766294396923,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["444437\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["444437\/2024-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["442150\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442150\/2023-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["405365\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405365\/2023-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["302942\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302942\/2022-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["309525\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309525\/2021-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["304389\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304389\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-05015-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-05015-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rigidity is a cardinal symptom of Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD), yet its clinical evaluation remains largely subjective and susceptible to errors. This study introduces an innovative method for objectively classifying individuals with PD by combining an active wrist orthosis with Machine Learning (ML) models. Methods: The orthosis, equipped with current and force sensors, recorded biomechanical signals during passive wrist flexion and extension, from which twelve quantitative features were extracted. Data were collected from 30 participants (15 with PD and 15 Healthy Controls). Nineteen supervised ML algorithms were systematically evaluated through feature selection, cross-validation, and hyperparameter tuning. Results: Using all twelve features, QDA achieved an accuracy of 0.889 and sensitivity of 1.000, followed by GPC (0.778) and LDA (0.778). After applying feature selection with the Correlation-based Feature Subset to reduce redundancy, Extra Trees reached 0.833 accuracy, while both QDA and GPC maintained accuracies of 0.778. This consistency across models, even with a reduced feature set, highlights the robustness of the extracted biomarkers. Conclusions: These findings confirm that wrist rigidity signals provide discriminative quantitative information between PD patients and HC and are able to support PD classification, combining engineering innovation with clinical practice that highlights the potential of integrating wearable devices and ML as a personalized healthcare in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan15010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T11:03:46Z","timestamp":1766142226000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s Disease Classification Using Machine Learning and Wrist Rigidity Measurements from an Active Orthosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sciences (Guaratinguet\u00e1 Campus), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Hil\u00e1rio da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology Goiano (IF Goiano), Department of Computer Science (Campus Cristalina), Cristalina 73850-000, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio Tonus","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Valentini de","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luanne Cardoso","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2477-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Rodrigues da Silva","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology Goiano (IF Goiano), Department of Computer Science (Campus Rio Verde), Rio Verde 75901-980, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma Terezinha","family":"Milagre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano de Oliveira","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Dias","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sciences (Guaratinguet\u00e1 Campus), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1000260","article-title":"Diagnosis and Tracking of Parkinson\u2019s Disease by using Automatically Extracted Acoustic Features","volume":"6","author":"Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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