{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:53:26Z","timestamp":1783727606248,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008963","name":"Research Start-Up Fund for Talent Introduction of Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023rcyj2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023rcyj2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The camera is a core device for modern surveillance and data collection, widely used in various fields including security, transportation, and healthcare. However, their widespread deployment has proportionally escalated associated security risks. This paper initially examines the current state of research on attack methods targeting camera systems, providing a comprehensive review of various attack techniques and their security implications. Subsequently, we focus on a specific attack method against universal serial bus (USB) cameras, known as electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks, which utilize EMP to prevent the system from detecting the cameras. We simulated EMP attacks using a solar insecticidal lamp (which generates EMP by releasing high-voltage pulses) and a commercially available EMP generator. The performance of the cameras under various conditions was evaluated by adjusting the number of filtering magnetic rings on the USB cable and the distance between the camera and the interference source. The results demonstrate that some USB cameras are vulnerable to EMP attacks. Although EMP attacks might not invariably cause image distortion or permanent damage, their covert nature can lead to false detection of system failures, data security, and system maintenance. Based on these findings, it is recommended to determine the optimal number of shielding rings for cameras or their safe distance from EMP sources through the experimental approach outlined in this study, thereby enhancing the security and resilience of USB camera enabled systems in specific scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan15010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:47:27Z","timestamp":1766998047000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse Attacks on USB Camera Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9474-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1597-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-1030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5128-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ru","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18352","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3148140","article-title":"Ranking Security of IoT-Based Smart Home Consumer Devices","volume":"10","author":"Allifah","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102453","article-title":"ROS-Industrial based robotic cell for industry 4.0: Eye-in-hand stereo camera and visual servoing for flexible, fast, and accurate picking and hooking in the production line","volume":"80","author":"Avizzano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Robot. 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