{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1760242896886,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Federated Sensor Network (FSN) is a network of geographically distributed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) called islands. For querying on an FSN, we introduce the Layered Federated Sensor Network (L-FSN) Protocol. For layered management, L-FSN provides communication among islands by its inter-island querying protocol by which a query packet routing path is determined according to some path selection policies. L-FSN allows autonomous management of each island by island-specific intra-island querying protocols that can be selected according to island properties. We evaluate the applicability of L-FSN and compare the L-FSN protocol with various querying protocols running on the flat federation model. Flat federation is a method to federate islands by running a single querying protocol on an entire FSN without distinguishing communication among and within islands. For flat federation, we select a querying protocol from geometrical, hierarchical cluster-based, hash-based, and tree-based WSN querying protocol categories. We found that a layered federation of islands by L-FSN increases the querying performance with respect to energy-efficiency, query resolving distance, and query resolving latency. Moreover, L-FSN\u2019s flexibility of choosing intra-island querying protocols regarding the island size brings advantages on energy-efficiency and query resolving latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan5030014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1474279663000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Querying on Federated Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-5095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuhal","family":"Can","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Demirbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.11.047","article-title":"Deployment and evaluation of a wireless sensor network for methane leak detection","volume":"202","author":"Somov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. 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