{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:50:06Z","timestamp":1785286206056,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,6]],"date-time":"2016-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is well suited to challenging environments, defined by the lack of reliable end-to-end communication paths to the destination. However, the available energy is not considered in the majority of existing DTN routing protocols when they make forwarding decisions. This limits both delivery probabilities and the network lifetimes in energy-constrained applications. This paper investigates energy-aware routing protocols for wildlife tracking application to transmit data from attached sensors on the animal\u2019s back to data collection base stations. We propose three new network protocol strategies to extend common DTN routing protocols, and consider the available energy to achieve efficient utilization of the node\u2019s energy in transmission and sensing. These strategies enhance packet delivery rates up to 13% by carefully using the limited energy resources. We simulate two different animal tracking scenarios and show that the new strategies provide significant performance improvement under different scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan5040018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,6]],"date-time":"2016-12-06T10:07:17Z","timestamp":1481018837000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Energy-Aware Forwarding Strategies for Delay Tolerant Network Routing Protocols"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mahzad","family":"Kaviani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 4069 Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Kusy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 4069 Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Jurdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 4069 Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 4069 Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2068530","article-title":"Environmental wireless sensor networks","volume":"98","author":"Corke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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