{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:05Z","timestamp":1760242445395,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper outlines a tool developed with the purpose of creating a simple configurable emulated network environment that can be used in cyber defence exercises. Research has been conducted into the various related subject areas: cyber defence exercises, network threats, network emulation, network traffic replay, network topologies, and common network services. From this research a requirements specification was produced to encapsulate the features required to create this tool. A network, containing many of the aspects researched, was designed and implemented using Netkit-NG to act as a blueprint for the tool and to further knowledge in the construction of an emulated network. Following this the tool was developed and tested to ensure requirements were met.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan6030016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T10:07:40Z","timestamp":1502446060000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Can a Network Attack Be Simulated in an Emulated Environment for Network Security Training?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandros","family":"Maglaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Janicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, A., Smith, R., Maglaras, L., and Janicke, H. (2016, January 23\u201325). Measuring the risk of cyber attack in industrial control systems. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium for ICS & SCADA Cyber Security Research 2016, Belfast, UK.","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/ICS2016.12"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hallaq, B., Nicholson, A., Smith, R., Maglaras, L., Janicke, H., and Jones, K. (2016). CYRAN: A Hybrid Cyber Range for Testing. Secur. Solut. Appl. Cryptogr. Smart Grid Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cyber Security Training Delivery Options SANS Institute (2017, July 20). Training Delivery Options. Available online: https:\/\/uk.sans.org\/training-delivery-options\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2017, July 20). Hosted Penetration Testing Virtual Labs by Offensive Security Offensive Security. Available online: https:\/\/www.offensive-security.com\/offensive-security-solutions\/virtual-penetration-testing-labs\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C., Tang, D., Chinen, K.I., and Beuran, R. (2016, January 8\u20139). CyRIS: A cyber range instantiation system for facilitating security training. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1145\/3011077.3011087"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2017, July 20). The Ultimate Cyber Proving Ground for Critical Systems and Technologies Raytheon Cyber. Available online: http:\/\/www.raytheoncyber.com\/capabilities\/range\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2017, July 20). Cyberbit Range. Available online: https:\/\/www.cyberbit.com\/solutions\/cyber-range\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullins, B.E., Lacey, T.H., Mills, R.F., Trechter, J.E., and Bass, S.D. (2007). How the cyber defense exercise shaped an information-assurance curriculum. IEEE Secur. Priv., 5.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.111"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Adams, W.J., Gavas, E., Lacey, T.H., and Leblanc, S.P. (2009, January 10\u201314). Collective Views of the NSA\/CSS Cyber Defense Exercise on Curricula and Learning Objectives. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Cyber Security Experimentation and Test (CSET\u201909), Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"150","article-title":"Guide to cyber threat information sharing","volume":"800","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NIST Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cruz, B., Gupta, D., Kapoor, A., Haifei, L., McLean, D., and Moreno, F. (2014). McAfee Labs Threats Report, McAfee Inc.. Available online: http:\/\/www.mcafee.com\/us\/resources\/reports\/rp-quarterlythreat-q1-2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2004.06.011","article-title":"A taxonomy of network and computer attacks","volume":"24","author":"Hansman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chapman, I.M., Leblanc, S.P., and Partington, A. (2011, January 3\u20137). Taxonomy of cyber attacks and simulation of their effects. Proceedings of the Military Modeling & Simulation Symposium, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janbeglou, M., Zamani, M., and Ibrahim, S. (2010, January 9\u201311). Redirecting network traffic toward a fake DNS server on a LAN. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS.2010.5552339"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2017, March 30). McAfee Labs Threats Report: September 2016 McAfee. Available online: https:\/\/www.mcafee.com\/us\/security-awareness\/articles\/mcafee-labs-threats-report-sep-2016.aspx."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fuertes, W.M., and de Vergara, J.E.L. (2007, January 2). A quantitative comparison of virtual network environments based on performance measurements. Proceedings of the 14th HP Software University Association Workshop, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"250","article-title":"Overview of Existing Computer Network Environments Virtualization for Computer Network Learning","volume":"188","author":"Wolny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Ekon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzonia, M., and Rimondini, M. (2008, January 18\u201320). Netkit: Easy emulation of complex networks on inexpensive hardware. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks & Communities, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), Innsbruck, Austria.","DOI":"10.4108\/tridentcom.2008.3155"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2013.2","article-title":"Teaching advanced concepts in computer networks: Vnuml-um virtualization tool","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, F.G., and Cambronero, D.F. (2007, January 23). Distributed Virtualization Scenarios Using VNUML. Proceedings of the 1st International DMTF Academic Alliance Workshop on Systems and Virtualization Management: Standards and New Technologies, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11","article-title":"Selecting and using virtualization solutions: Our experiences with VMware and VirtualBox","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Coll."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Simulator, G.N. (2017, August 09). GNS 3. Available online: http:\/\/paginapessoal.utfpr.edu.br\/lincolnh\/palestras\/ftsl\/index.html\/ApresentacaoGNS3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Anuzelli, G., Files, N., Emulation, P., Optimizations, M.U., and Emulated, H.C. (2017, July 10). Dynamips\/Dynagen Tutorial. Available online: http:\/\/dynagen.org\/tutorial.htm."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kneale, B., De Horta, A.Y., and Box, I. (2004, January 10). Velnet: Virtual environment for learning networking. Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Computing Education-Volume 30, Dunedin, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844154","article-title":"Scalability and accuracy in a large-scale network emulator","volume":"36","author":"Vahdat","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hashimoto, M. (2013). Vagrant: Up and Running: Create and Manage Virtualized Development Environments, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundararaj, A.I., Gupta, A., and Dinda, P.A. (2004, January 21\u201323). Dynamic topology adaptation of virtual networks of virtual machines. Proceedings of the 7th workshop on Workshop on Languages, Compilers, and Run-Time Support for Scalable Systems, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1066650.1066665"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillestad, O.I., Libak, B., and Perkis, A. (2005, January 6). Performance evaluation of multimedia services over ip networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2005.1521708"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Dean, T. (2012). Network+ Guide to Networks, Cengage Learning."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Duck, M., and Read, R. (2003). Data Communications and Computer Networks: For Computer Scientists and Engineers, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kurose, J.F., and Ross, K.W. (2010). Computer Networking: A Top-down Approach, Addison-Wesley Reading."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"White, C. (2015). Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User\u2019s Approach, Cengage Learning."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ford-Hutchinson, P. (2017, August 09). Securing FTP with TLS. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4217."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Combining ensemble methods and social network metrics for improving accuracy of OCSVM on intrusion detection in SCADA systems","volume":"30","author":"Maglaras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/6\/3\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:07Z","timestamp":1760208127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/6\/3\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan6030016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan6030016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2224-2708"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}}}