{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T21:27:42Z","timestamp":1763069262153,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a new enhancement for an emergency and disaster relief system called Critical and Rescue Operations using Wearable Wireless sensors networks (CROW     2    ). We address the reliability challenges in setting up a wireless autonomous communication system in order to offload data from the disaster area (rescuers, trapped victims, civilians, media, etc.) back to a command center. The proposed system connects deployed rescuers to extended networks and the Internet. CROW     2     is an end-to-end system that runs the recently-proposed Optimized Routing Approach for Critical and Emergency Networks (ORACE-Net) routing protocol. The system integrates heterogeneous wireless devices (Raspberry Pi, smart phones, sensors) and various communicating technologies (WiFi IEEE 802.11n, Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1) to enable end-to-end network connectivity, which is monitored by a cloud Internet-of-Things platform. First, we present the CROW     2     generic system architecture, which is adaptable to various technologies integration at different levels (i.e., on-body, body-to-body, off-body). Second, we implement the ORACE-Net protocol on heterogeneous devices including Android-based smart phones and Linux-based Raspberry Pi devices. These devices act as on-body coordinators to collect information from on-body sensors. The collected data is then pushed to the command center thanks to multi-hop device-to-device communication. Third, the overall CROW     2     system performance is evaluated according to relevant metrics including end-to-end link quality estimation, throughput and end-to-end delay. As a proof-of-concept, we validate the system architecture through deployment and extracted experimental results. Finally, we highlight motion detection and links\u2019 unavailability prevention based on the recorded data where the main factors (i.e., interference and noise) that affect the performance are analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan6030019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T11:10:51Z","timestamp":1503313851000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Enhanced IoT-Based End-To-End Emergency and Disaster Relief System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhafer","family":"Ben Arbia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Mobility Innovations Center (QMIC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box. 210531, Qatar"},{"name":"SERCOM Lab, Polytechnic School of Tunisia, University of Carthage, P.O. Box 743, La Marsa 2078, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, School of Information Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, P.O. Box 10120 Tallinn, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Mobility Innovations Center (QMIC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box. 210531, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Elyes","family":"Ben Hamida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Mobility Innovations Center (QMIC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box. 210531, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Rabah","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERCOM Lab, Polytechnic School of Tunisia, University of Carthage, P.O. Box 743, La Marsa 2078, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNISDR (2015). Unisdr\u2014Annual Report, United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"726","article-title":"ORACE-Net: A novel multi-hop body-to-body routing protocol for public safety networks","volume":"10","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Arbia, D., Alam, M.M., Kadri, A., Attia, R., and Ben Hamida, E. (2016, January 17\u201319). Implementation and Benchmarking of a Novel Routing Protocol for Tactical Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. 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