{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:40:10Z","timestamp":1785249610236,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016400","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1C1B5017464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1C1B5017464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fires usually occur in homes because of carelessness and changes in environmental conditions. They cause threats to the residential community and may result in human death and property damage. Consequently, house fires must be detected early to prevent these types of threats. The immediate notification of a fire is the most critical issue in domestic fire detection systems. Fire detection systems using wireless sensor networks sometimes do not detect a fire as a consequence of sensor failure. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny, cheap, and low-power sensor devices that have the ability to sense the environment and can provide real-time fire detection with high accuracy. In this paper, we designed and evaluated a wireless sensor network using multiple sensors for early detection of house fires. In addition, we used the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to avoid false alarms. To test the results of our fire detection system, we simulated a fire in a smart home using the Fire Dynamics Simulator and a language program. The simulation results showed that our system is able to detect early fire, even when a sensor is not working, while keeping the energy consumption of the sensors at an acceptable level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1519991620000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["IoT-Based Intelligent Modeling of Smart Home Environment for Fire Prevention and Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Hwa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architectural, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-2316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuncheol","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architectural, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2010.0085","article-title":"Clustering and fault tolerance for target tracking using wireless sensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Bhatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2012.0033","article-title":"Sensor selection for improving accuracy of target localisation in wireless visual sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2014.0027","article-title":"Indoor ranging and localisation algorithm based on received signal strength indicator using statistic parameters for wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Pagano","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0647-6","article-title":"Real-time medical emergency response system: Exploiting IoT and big data for public health","volume":"40","author":"Rathore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"8","article-title":"Hadoop-Based Intelligent Care System (HICS): Analytical approach for big data in IoT","volume":"18","author":"Rathore","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Int. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore, M.M., Paul, A., Hong, W.H., Seo, H., Awan, I., and Saeed, S. (2017). Exploiting IoT and big data analytics: Defining smart digital city using real-time urban data. Sustain. Cities Soc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.022"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","article-title":"Wireless sensor network survey","volume":"52","author":"Yick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, C.H., Hancke, G.P., and Silva, B.J. (2013, January 25\u201328). Machine-to-Machine: Possible applications in industrial networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2013.6505864"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opperman, C.A., and Hancke, G.P. (2011, January 13\u201315). Using NFC-enabled phones for remote data acquisition and digital control. Proceedings of the IEEE AFRICON 2011, Livingstone, Zambia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2011.6072147"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2356651","article-title":"An energy-efficient smart comfort sensing system based on the IEEE 1451 standard for green buildings","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2349073","article-title":"A Zigbee-based animal health monitoring system","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.2017010103","article-title":"IoT-based big data: From smart city towards next generation super city planning","volume":"13","author":"Rathore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Semant. Web. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Blake, D. (2000). Aircraft Cargo Compartment Smoke Detector Alarm Incidents on US-Registered Aircraft, 1974\u20131999, Federal Aviation Administration. DOT\/FAA\/AR-TN00\/29."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2471263","article-title":"Experimental link quality characterization of wireless sensor networks for underground monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2491267","article-title":"Using cognitive radio for interference-resistant industrial wireless sensor networks: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Chiwewe","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6869","DOI":"10.3390\/s90906869","article-title":"An overview on wireless sensor networks technology and evolution","volume":"9","author":"Buratti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, W., Wang, Q., Huang, H., Guo, Y., and Zhan, G. (2007, January 8\u201311). Mine Fire Detection System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Conference on Information Acquisition (ICIA\u201907), Seogwipo-si, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIA.2007.4295715"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11461-008-0054-3","article-title":"Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. For. China"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.846287","article-title":"An intelligent system for false alarm reduction in infrared forest-fire detection","volume":"15","author":"Arrue","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, A., Din, S., Paul, A., and Ahmad, W. (2017, January 9\u201312). An Algorithm for Alleviating the Effect of Hotspot on Throughput in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.Workshops.2017.83"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"124","article-title":"A design and implementation of forest-fires surveillance system based on wireless sensor networks for South Korea Mountains","volume":"6","author":"Son","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.3390\/s91108722","article-title":"A wireless sensor network deployment for rural and forest fire detection and verification","volume":"9","author":"Lloret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.03.002","article-title":"A framework for use of wireless sensor networks in forest fire detection and monitoring","volume":"36","author":"Aslan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-009-9191-8","article-title":"Environmental monitoring aware routing: Making environmental sensor networks more robust","volume":"43","author":"Wenning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Musolesi, M., Hailes, S., and Mascolo, C. (2005, January 16). Adaptive routing for intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on World of wireless mobile and multimedia networks, Taormina-Giardini Naxos, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, E.M., Serna, M.\u00c1., Berm\u00fadez, A., and Casado, R. (2008, January 10\u201312). Simulating a WSN-based wildfire fighting support system. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2008.23"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koubaa, A., Cunha, A., and Alves, M. (2007, January 4\u20136). A time division beacon scheduling mechanism for IEEE 802.15. 4\/ZigBee cluster-tree wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 19th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2007.82"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"87","article-title":"Optimal guard node placement using SGLD and energy factor","volume":"4","author":"Gul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.07.027","article-title":"Constrained node-weighted Steiner tree based algorithms for constructing a wireless sensor network to cover maximum weighted critical square grids","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.05.022","article-title":"On maximizing the lifetime for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks using virtual data aggregation trees","volume":"105","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2411856","article-title":"Cooperative cognitive intelligence for internet of vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721744","article-title":"Smartbuddy: Defining human behaviors using big data analytics in social internet of things","volume":"23","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2632158","article-title":"Real-Time Power Management for Embedded M2M Using Intelligent Learning Methods","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Paul, A., Victoire, T.A.A., and Jeyakumar, A.E. (2003, January 27\u201330). Particle swarm approach for retiming in VLSI. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE 46th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Cairo, Egypt."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-015-9982-z","article-title":"Probabilistic model for M2M in IoT networking and communication","volume":"62","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2017, November 11). DATA.GOV.UK, Available online: https:\/\/data.gov.uk\/dataset\/fire-statistics-smoke-alarms."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2017, October 22). U.S. Fire Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.usfa.fema.gov\/data\/statistics\/order_download_data.html."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Instruments, T. (2017, October 12). LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors. Available online: www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/lm35.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., Ltd. (2017, October 12). MQ-9 Semiconductor Sensor for CO\/Combustible Gas. Available online: www.pololu.com\/file\/0J314\/MQ9.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kosmerchock, S. (2017, December 15). Wireless Sensor Network Topologies. Available online: http:\/\/www.k5systems.com\/TP0001_v1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Zhou, M., and Nie, Z.L. (2010, January 9\u201310). Analysis and design of ZigBee MAC layers protocol. Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Information Technology and Management Engineering (FITME), Changzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., Floyd, J., Baum, H., and McDermott, R. (2004). Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 5), Technical Reference Guide, National Institute of Standards and Technology."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/1\/11\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:23Z","timestamp":1760194643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/1\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan7010011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan7010011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]}}}