{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T11:09:57Z","timestamp":1772881797639,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A SmartInsoles Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is designed and implemented for the purpose of measuring gait parameters of multiple users in a restriction-free environment. This CPS comprises a master software installed on a computer and numerous multi-sensory health devices in the form of smart insoles. Each of these insoles contains 12 Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) sensors, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a WiFi-enabled microcontroller and a battery to power all components. A validation pilot study was completed in collaboration with the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences at the University of Ottawa by performing 150 trials on 15 healthy subjects. Each subject performed 10 walks on the Tekscan Strideway gait mat system, while simultaneously wearing the designed SmartInsoles CPS. Spatiotemporal data for over 450 unique steps were collected by both systems. These data were analyzed carefully, and a thorough comparison was performed between the results from the two systems. Seven parameters were analyzed in this study: stride time, stance time, swing time, double support time, step time, cadence and gait time. Detailed results in the form of tables, scatterplots, histograms and Bland\u2013Altman graphs were generated. Analysis of the results shows high agreement between the values of the two systems and suggests high accuracy of the implemented CPS as a multi-device, multi-sensory system for gait measurement and analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7030036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Instrumented Wireless SmartInsole System for Mobile Gait Analysis: A Validation Pilot Study with Tekscan Strideway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Arafsha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Aboualmagd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON K1S 5S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmotaleb","family":"El Saddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2017.7864548","article-title":"Development and selection of balance sensing devices","volume":"20","author":"Postolache","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2015.2480707","article-title":"Designing a cyber\u2013physical system for fall prevention by cortico\u2013muscular coupling detection","volume":"33","author":"Annese","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.047","article-title":"Quantification of human motion: Gait analysis\u2014Benefits and limitations to its application to clinical problems","volume":"37","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-2-2","article-title":"Advances in wearable technology and applications in physical medicine and rehabilitation","volume":"2","author":"Bonato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203362","article-title":"Gait analysis methods: An overview of wearable and non-wearable systems, highlighting clinical applications","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"158","article-title":"Hardware performance assessment recommendations and tools for baropodometric sensor systems","volume":"46","author":"Giacomozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"343","article-title":"Performance of plantar pressure measurement devices (PMDs): Update on consensus activities","volume":"46","author":"Giacomozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.03.014","article-title":"Appropriateness of plantar pressure measurement devices: A comparative technical assessment","volume":"32","author":"Giacomozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00074-E","article-title":"Footswitch system for measurement of the temporal parameters of gait","volume":"28","author":"Hausdorff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P171","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.3.P171","article-title":"Effects of balance status and age on muscle activation while walking under divided attention","volume":"62","author":"Fraser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00062-X","article-title":"Evaluation of an instrumented walkway for measurement of the kinematic parameters of gait","volume":"12","author":"Cutlip","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-13","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of temporal and spatial gait characteristics measured with an instrumented walkway system (GAITRite\u00ae)","volume":"5","author":"Besser","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2250972","article-title":"Kinetic gait analysis using a low-cost insole","volume":"60","author":"Howell","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Howell, A.M. (2012). Insole-Based Gait Analysis, The University of Utah."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2015.07.020","article-title":"Design of low cost smart insole for real time measurement of plantar pressure","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.07.190","article-title":"Centre of pressure detection and analysis with a high-resolution and low-cost smart insole","volume":"112","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2015.04.020","article-title":"Instrumented rubber insole for plantar pressure sensing","volume":"23","author":"Motha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kaya, T., Shiari, B., Petsch, K., and Yates, D. (2011). Design of a MEMS Capacitive Comb-Drive Accelerometer, Central Michigan University, University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101073","article-title":"A Wireless flexible sensorized insole for gait analysis","volume":"14","author":"Crea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-015-0111-8","article-title":"Validation and reliability testing of a new, fully integrated gait analysis insole","volume":"8","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2017.1320434","article-title":"Mobile gait analysis via eSHOEs instrumented shoe insoles: A pilot study for validation against the gold standard GAITRite\u00ae","volume":"41","author":"Jagos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2018, May 25). The GAITRite\u00ae Standard. Available online: https:\/\/www.gaitrite.com\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafidh, B., al Osman, H., and el Saddik, A. (2013, January 15\u201319). SmartInsole: A foot-based activity and gait measurement device. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2013.6618323"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2018, February 02). Interlink Electronics FSR Integration Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.interlinkelectronics.com\/request-integration-guides."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, February 02). MPU-9250. Available online: https:\/\/www.invensense.com\/products\/motion-tracking\/9-axis\/mpu-9250\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2018, February 02). ESP8266. Available online: https:\/\/www.espressif.com\/en\/products\/hardware\/esp8266ex\/overview."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2018, February 02). Adafruit Feather HUZZAH. Available online: https:\/\/www.adafruit.com\/product\/2821."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafsha, F., Laamarti, F., and el Saddik, A. (2018, January 14\u201317). Development of a wireless CPS for gait parameters measurement and analysis. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2018.8409860"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018, February 12). Strideway System. Available online: https:\/\/www.tekscan.com\/products-solutions\/systems\/strideway-system."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2014.02.004","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of the Tekscan HR-Walkway system in healthy children","volume":"24","author":"Coda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-3-11","article-title":"Reliability of the TekScan MatScan\u00ae system for the measurement of plantar forces and pressures during barefoot level walking in healthy adults","volume":"3","author":"Zammit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-5-21","article-title":"Reliability of the TekScan MatScan\u00ae system for the measurement of postural stability in older people with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Mattock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetschius, J., Feger, M.A., Hertel, J., and Hart, J.M. (2018). Validating center-of-pressure balance measurements using the MatScan\u00ae pressure mat. J. Sport Rehabil., 27.","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2017-0152"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00190-X","article-title":"Assessment of spatio-temporal gait parameters from trunk accelerations during human walking","volume":"18","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00077-4","article-title":"Footprint analysis of gait using a pressure sensor system","volume":"14","author":"Titianova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem214","article-title":"Using the Bland\u2013Altman method to measure agreement with repeated measures","volume":"99","author":"Myles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1161205","article-title":"Validation of Moticon\u2019s OpenGo sensor insoles during gait, jumps, balance and cross-country skiing specific imitation movements","volume":"35","author":"Martiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.01.022","article-title":"Effects of toe-out and toe-in gait with varying walking speeds on knee joint mechanics and lower limb energetics","volume":"53","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01819.x","article-title":"Problems with gait and posture in neuropathic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00104-7","article-title":"Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Relationship to Parkinsonian features, falls and response to levodopa","volume":"212","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070658","article-title":"Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/10.4.264","article-title":"Falls in old age: A study of frequency and related clinical factors","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/39.6.662","article-title":"The effect of age on variability in gait","volume":"39","author":"Gabell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"306","article-title":"Gait disturbances in old age","volume":"107","author":"Jahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. Aerzteblatt Online"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.003","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks for healthcare: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Alemdar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, B., and Herbert, J. (2011, January 21\u201325). Web-based real-time remote monitoring for pervasive healthcare. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2011.5766964"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-010-0252-4","article-title":"A survey on wireless body area networks","volume":"17","author":"Braem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.088971","article-title":"Remote monitoring reduces healthcare use and improves quality of care in heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators: The evolution of management strategies of heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators (EVOLVO) study","volume":"125","author":"Landolina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/3\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:47Z","timestamp":1760195987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/3\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan7030036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan7030036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]}}}