{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:36Z","timestamp":1772252856279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["723171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["723171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Five-G heterogeneous network overlaid by millimeter-wave (mmWave) access employs mmWave meshed backhauling as a promising cost-efficient backhaul architecture. Due to the nature of mobile traffic distribution in practice which is both time-variant and spatially non-uniform, dynamic construction of mmWave meshed backhaul is a prerequisite to support the varying traffic distribution. Focusing on such scenario of outdoor dynamic crowd (ODC), this paper proposes a novel method to control mmWave meshed backhaul for efficient operation of mmWave overlay 5G HetNet through Software-Defined Network (SDN) technology. Our algorithm is featured by two functionalities, i.e., backhauling route multiplexing for overloaded mmWave small cell base stations (SC-BSs) and mmWave SC-BSs\u2019 ON\/OFF status switching for underloaded spot. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed meshed network is confirmed by both numerical analyses and experimental results. Simulations are conducted over a practical user distribution modeled from measured data in realistic environments. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can cope with the locally intensive traffic and reduce energy consumption. Furthermore, a WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance certified) device based testbed is developed for Proof-of-Concept (PoC) and preliminary measurement results confirm the proposed dynamic formation of the meshed network\u2019s efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7040043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1538479802000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Context-Based Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gia Khanh","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department\u2014Telematics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kassler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department\u2014Telematics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). Study on New Radio Access Technology: RF and Co-Existence Aspects, 3GPP. Technical Report TR 38.803 (RNA4)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, K., Sampei, S., Shimodaira, H., Rezagah, R., Tran, G., and Araki, K. (2013, January 12\u201315). Cloud Cooperated Heterogeneous Cellular Networks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, Naha, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPACS.2013.6704656"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2364267","article-title":"Coverage and rate analysis for millimeter wave cellular networks","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"403","article-title":"Modeling and analyzing millimeter wave cellular systems","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E98.B.388","article-title":"Millimeter-wave evolution for 5G cellular networks","volume":"98","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1587\/transele.E100.C.790","article-title":"Where, when, and how mmwave is used in 5G and beyond","volume":"100","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangakhedkar, S., Cao, H., Ali, A., Ganesan, K., Gharba, M., and Eichinger, J. (2018, January 20\u201324). Use cases, requirements and challenges of 5G communication for industrial automation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2018.8403588"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2556011","article-title":"5G backhaul challenges and emerging research directions: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Jaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4752686","article-title":"The future of WiMAX: Multihop relaying with IEEE 802.16j","volume":"47","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783993","article-title":"An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems","volume":"49","author":"Pi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813","article-title":"Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: It will work!","volume":"1","author":"Rappaport","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rappaport, T.S., Xing, Y., MacCartney, G.R., Molisch, A.F., Mellios, E., and Zhang, J. (2017). Overview of millimeter wave communications for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks: With a focus on propagation models. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 65.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2734243"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2749570","article-title":"Spatially consistent street-by-street path loss model for 28-GHz channels in micro cell urban environments","volume":"16","author":"Karttunen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2015.2508318","article-title":"Highly directional steerable antennas: High-gain antennas supporting user mobility or beam switching for reconfigurable backhauling","volume":"11","author":"Maltsev","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, K., Tran, G.K., and Ogawa, H. (2017, January 3\u20136). mmWave meshed network with traffic and energy management mechanism. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2017.8227745"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, G., Shimodaira, H., and Sakaguchi, K. (2018). User satisfaction constraint adaptive sleeping in 5G mmwave heterogeneous cellular network. IEICE Trans. Commun., 101.","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2017NEP0002"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimodaira, H., Tran, G., Araki, K., Sakaguchi, K., Namba, S., Hayashi, T., and Konishi, S. (2014, January 2\u20135). Cell Association Method for Multiband Heterogeneous Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2014.7136540"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2014.2298211","article-title":"Channel Time Allocation PSO for Gigabit Multimedia Wireless Networks","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.091011","article-title":"Throughput analysis and improvement of hybrid multiple access in IEEE 802.15.3c mm-wave WPAN","volume":"27","author":"Pyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2435357","article-title":"Tractable model for rate in self-backhauled millimeter wave cellular networks","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Niu, Y., Li, Y., Zeng, M., and Han, Z. (2018, January 20\u201324). Exploiting Multi-Hop Relay to Achieve Mobility-Aware Transmission Scheduling in mmWave Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422160"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2686578","article-title":"Gbps user rates using mmWave relayed backhaul with high gain antennas","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2723887","article-title":"Performance of dynamic and static TDD in self-backhauled millimeter wave cellular networks","volume":"16","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.05.008","article-title":"Optimal user association, backhaul routing and switching off in 5G heterogeneous networks with mesh millimeter wave backhaul links","volume":"78","author":"Mesodiakaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, H., Tran, G.K., Sakaguchi, K., and Haustein, T. (2017, January 21\u201325). Traffic Adaptive Formation Algorithm for mmWave Meshed Backhaul Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962655"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R., Ogawa, H., Tran, G.K., Sakaguchi, K., and Kassler, A. (2017, January 4\u20138). Turning the Knobs on OpenFlow-Based Resiliency in mmWave Small Cell Meshed Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops 2017, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2017.8269214"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, G., Shimodaira, H., Rezagah, R., Sakaguchi, K., and Araki, K. (2016, January 3\u20136). Practical evaluation of on-demand smallcell ON\/OFF based on traffic model for 5G cellular networks. Proceedings of the Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7564669"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2520217","article-title":"Green 5G heterogeneous networks through dynamic small-cell operation","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Ferdous, R., Chiasserini, C., Casetti, C., Moscatelli, F., Landi, G., Casellas, R., Sakaguchi, K., Chundrigar, S., and Vilalta, R. (2017, January 21\u201325). Novel Resource and Energy Management for 5G Integrated Backhaul\/ Fronthaul (5G-Crosshaul). Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962753"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishiuchi, H., Tran, G., and Sakaguchi, K. (2018, January 3\u20136). Performance Evaluation of 5G mmWave Edge Cloud with Prefetching Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2018.8417625"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Design and Experimental Evaluation of 60GHz Multiuser Gigabit\/s Small Cell Radio Access Based on IEEE 802.11ad\/WiGig","volume":"100","author":"Takinami","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, M., Tran, G., and Sakaguchi, K. (2018). Interference Management for Millimeter-Wave Mesh Backhaul Networks. Technical Report of IEICE TCSR, IEICE. (In Japanese).","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2019.8651725"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3066","article-title":"5G-Crosshaul: An SDN\/NFV control and data plane architecture for the 5G integrated fronthaul\/backhaul","volume":"27","author":"Oliva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Pfaff, B., Pettit, J., Koponen, T., Jackson, E.J., Zhou, A., Rajahalme, J., Gross, J., Wang, A., Stringer, J., and Shelar, P. (2015, January 4\u20136). The Design and Implementation of Open vSwitch. Proceddings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Oakland, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medved, J., Varga, R., Tkacik, A., and Gray, K. (2014, January 19). Opendaylight: Towards a model-driven SDN controller architecture. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 15th International Symposium on aWorld of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2014.6918985"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.9","article-title":"Harnessing the High Bandwidth of Multiradio Multichannel 802.11n Mesh Networks","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz, D., and Ward, D. (2017, July 01). Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD); IETF RFC 5880, June 2010. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc5880.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5880"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Adrichem, N.L., Van Asten, B.J., and Kuipers, F.A. (2014, January 1\u20133). Fast recovery in software-defined networks. Proceedings of the 2014 Third European Workshop on Software Defined Networks, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EWSDN.2014.13"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestin, J., and Kassler, A. (2017, January 21\u201325). Low frequency assist for mmWave backhaul-the case for SDN resiliency mechanisms. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCWorkshops), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962658"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, K., Ishizu, K., Murakami, H., Kojima, F., and Yano, H. (2015, January 6\u20139). A Scalable and Robust OpenFlow Channel for Software Defined Wireless Access Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390816"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R., and Kassler, A. (2017, January 19\u201322). Small Cell Wireless Backhaul Reconfiguration Using Software-Defined Networking. Proceedings of the Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925943"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestin, J., and Kassler, A. (2016, January 21\u201324). Resilient SDN based small cell backhaul networks using mmWave bands. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2016.7523543"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Tirumala, A., Qin, F., Dugan, J., Ferguson, J., and Gibbs, K. (2017, July 01). Iperf: The TCP\/UDP Bandwidth Measurement Tool. Available online: http:\/\/dast.nlanr.net\/Projects."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Nakamura, M., Santos, R., Koslowski, K., Nishiuchi, H., Tran, G., and Sakaguchi, K. (2018, January 30\u201331). Performance Evaluation for Millimeter-wave Backhaul and Edge Cloud Networks. Proceedings of the SmartCom 2018, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/4\/43\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:23:43Z","timestamp":1760196223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/4\/43"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan7040043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan7040043","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0056.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]}}}