{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:41:32Z","timestamp":1762252892038,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Falls in the elderly are a common health issue that can involve severe injuries like hip fractures, requiring considerable medical attention, and subsequent care. Following surgery, physiotherapy is essential for strengthening muscles, mobilizing joints and fostering the return to physical activities. Ideally, physiotherapy programmes would benefit from active home-based monitoring of the elderly patients\u2019 daily activities and exercises. This paper aims at providing a preliminary analysis addressing three key research questions. First, what are the key involved activities (at-hospital, home exercises, and activities of daily living) during the post-operative hip fracture rehabilitation process? Second, how can one monitor and identify a range of leg exercises accurately? Last, what is the most suitable sensor location that can categorize the majority of the physical activities thought to be important during the rehabilitation programme? During preliminary testing, it was noted that a standard deviation of the acceleration signal was suitable for classification of static activities like sitting, whereas classification of the ambulatory activities like walking, both the frequency content and related amplitude of the acceleration signal, plays a significant role. The research findings suggest that the ankle is an appropriate location for monitoring most of the leg movement physical activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7040054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1545099359000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Activity Classification Feasibility Using Wearables: Considerations for Hip Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Al-Anbuky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"McNair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), North Shore Campus, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beaupre, L. (2017, July 07). Functional Recovery of Hip Fracture Patients. Available online: boneandjointcanada.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/Functional-Recovery_Final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Health Quality & Safety Commission New Zealand (2017, June 10). Topic 7\u2014Why Hip Fracture Prevention and Care Matter. Available online: https:\/\/www.hqsc.govt.nz\/our-programmes\/reducing-harm-from-falls\/publications-and-resources\/publication\/2877\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"875968","article-title":"Home-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation following hip fracture surgery: What is the evidence?","volume":"2013","author":"Donohue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physical therapy in the post-operative of proximal femur fracture in elderly: Literature review","volume":"21","author":"MCarneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M498","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.9.M498","article-title":"Recovery from hip fracture in eight areas of function","volume":"55","author":"Magaziner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyer, S., Diong, J., Crotty, M., and Sherrington, C. (2017). Rehabilitation following hip fracture. Orthogeriatrics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43249-6_10"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2370945","article-title":"Wearable sensors for human activity monitoring: A review","volume":"15","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.10.002","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks for rehabilitation applications: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"36","author":"Hadjidj","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pol, M.C., Riet, G.T., van Hartingsveldt, M., Kr\u00f6se, B., de Rooij, S.E., and Buurman, B.M. (2017). Effectiveness of sensor monitoring in an occupational therapy rehabilitation program for older individuals after hip fracture, the SO-HIP trial: Study protocol of a three-arm stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1934-0"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Alberta Health Services (2015). Bone and joint health strategic clinical network, Your Guide After a Hip Fracture."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Baylor Health Care System (2017, August 10). Hip Fracture Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.baylorhealth.com\/PhysiciansLocations\/Dallas\/SpecialtiesServices\/Orthopaedics\/Documents\/Hip%20Fractures%20Guide_Web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-013-0477-9","article-title":"Geriatric rehabilitation after hip fracture. Role of body-fixed sensor measurements of physical activity","volume":"47","author":"Benzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwachmeyer, V., Damm, P., Bender, A., Dymke, J., Graichen, F., and Bergmann, G. (2013). In vivo hip joint loading during post-operative physiotherapeutic exercises. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077807"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3313-9","article-title":"The long-term effect of comprehensive geriatric care on gait after hip fracture: The Trondheim Hip Fracture Trial\u2014A randomised controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Thingstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"665","article-title":"Functional performance of female patients more than 6 months after total hip arthroplasty shows greater improvement with weight-bearing exercise than with non-weight-bearing exercise. Randomized controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Tsukagoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moschetti, A., Fiorini, L., Esposito, D., Dario, P., and Cavallo, F. (2016). Recognition of Daily Gestures with Wearable Inertial Rings and Bracelets. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081341"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2628346","article-title":"A survey on activity detection and classification using wearable sensors","volume":"17","author":"Cornacchia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.110112.00192","article-title":"A survey on human activity recognition using wearable sensors","volume":"15","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, J., Lee, G., Park, W., and Yun, B.-J. (2004, January 20\u201325). Accelerometer signal processing for user activity detection. Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Wellington, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30134-9_82"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Purwar, A., Lee, Y.-D., Lee, Y.-S., and Chung, W.-Y. (2008, January 20\u201322). Frequency based classification of activities using accelerometer data. Proceedings of the MFI 2008: IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2008.4648056"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.3390\/s130709183","article-title":"Optimal placement of accelerometers for the detection of everyday activities","volume":"13","author":"Cleland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2011.09.002","article-title":"Accelerometer-based on-body sensor localization for health and medical monitoring applications","volume":"7","author":"Amini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjoreski, H., and Gams, M. (2011, January 22\u201324). Activity\/Posture recognition using wearable sensors placed on different body locations. Proceedings of the (738) Signal and Image Processing and Applications, Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.2316\/P.2011.716-067"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atallah, L., Lo, B.P., King, R.C., and Yang, G.-Z. (2010, January 7\u20139). Sensor Placement for Activity Detection Using Wearable Accelerometers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, Singapore, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2010.23"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriwan, J., and Suntiamorntut, W. (2015, January 22\u201324). Human activity monitoring system based on WSNs. Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), Hatyai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/JCSSE.2015.7219804"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Lay-Ekuakille, A. (2010). Biomedical sensors for ambient assisted living. Advances in Biomedical Sensing, Measurements, Instrumentation and Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05167-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ustev, Y.E., Incel, O.D., and Ersoy, C. (2013, January 8\u201312). User, device and orientation independent human activity recognition on mobile phones: Challenges and a proposal. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2494091.2496039"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/4\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:34:26Z","timestamp":1760196866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/7\/4\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan7040054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan7040054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2224-2708"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]}}}