{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:30:24Z","timestamp":1776720624053,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2.882.2017\/4.6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.882.2017\/4.6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing Internet of Things (IoT) applications faces many challenges including security, massive traffic, high availability, high reliability and energy constraints. Recent distributed computing paradigms, such as Fog and multi-access edge computing (MEC), software-defined networking (SDN), network virtualization and blockchain can be exploited in IoT networks, either combined or individually, to overcome the aforementioned challenges while maintaining system performance. In this paper, we present a framework for IoT that employs an edge computing layer of Fog nodes controlled and managed by an SDN network to achieve high reliability and availability for latency-sensitive IoT applications. The SDN network is equipped with distributed controllers and distributed resource constrained OpenFlow switches. Blockchain is used to ensure decentralization in a trustful manner. Additionally, a data offloading algorithm is developed to allocate various processing and computing tasks to the OpenFlow switches based on their current workload. Moreover, a traffic model is proposed to model and analyze the traffic indifferent parts of the network. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in simulation and in a testbed. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency and resource utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan8010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1550549300000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Secure and Reliable IoT Networks Using Fog Computing with Software-Defined Networking and Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0213-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Muthanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Networks and Data Transmission, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunication, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Applied Probability and Informatics, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhamied","family":"A. Ateya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Networks and Data Transmission, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunication, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Electronics and Communications Engineering, Zagazig University, 44519 Sharqia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdukodir","family":"Khakimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Networks and Data Transmission, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunication, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Gudkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Probability and Informatics, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Informatics Problems, Federal Research Center \u201cComputer Science and Control\u201d of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Abuarqoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology Middle East University Amman, 383 Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Samouylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Probability and Informatics, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Informatics Problems, Federal Research Center \u201cComputer Science and Control\u201d of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Koucheryavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Networks and Data Transmission, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunication, 193232 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.01.038","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT); internet of everything (IoE); tactile internet; 5G\u2013A (not so evanescent) unifying vision empowered by EH-MEMS (energy harvesting MEMS) and RF-MEMS (radio frequency MEMS)","volume":"272","author":"Iannacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.006","article-title":"A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions","volume":"140","author":"Stojkoska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuarqoub, A., Abusaimeh, H., Hammoudeh, M., Uliyan, D., Abu-Hashem, M.A., Murad, S., Al-Jarrah, M., and Al-Fayez, F. (2017, January 19\u201320). A survey on internet of things enabled smart campus applications. Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3102304.3109810"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"9324035","article-title":"Internet of things: Architectures, protocols, and applications","volume":"2017","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.018","article-title":"Towards green computing for Internet of things: Energy oriented path and message scheduling approach","volume":"38","author":"Farhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lund, D., MacGillivray, C., Turner, V., and Morales, M. (2014). Worldwide and Regional Internet of Things (IoT) 2014\u20132020 Forecast: A Virtuous Circle of Proven Value and Demand, International Data Corporation."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"5G internet of things: A survey","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihovska, A., and Sarkar, M. (2018). Smart Connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications. Proceedings of the New Advances in the Internet of Things, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58190-3_7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2683200","article-title":"A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"291","article-title":"A survey on Internet of Things architectures","volume":"30","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhizi, S., Shamshin, G., Muthanna, A., Kirichek, R., Vladyko, A., and Koucheryavy, A. (2017). Analysis and performance evaluation of SDN queue model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wired\/Wireless Internet Communication, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61382-6_3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.009","article-title":"Mobile edge computing, Fog et al.: A survey and analysis of security threats and challenges","volume":"78","author":"Roman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9","article-title":"The Emergence of Edge Computing","volume":"50","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateya, A.A., Vybornova, A., Kirichek, R., and Koucheryavy, A. (2017, January 19\u201322). Multilevel cloud based Tactile Internet system. Proceedings of the IEEE 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Bongpyeong, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890067"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2017NRI0001","article-title":"Mobile edge computing empowers Internet of Things","volume":"101","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negash, B., Rahmani, A.M., Liljeberg, P., and Jantsch, A. (2018). Fog Computing Fundamentals in the Internet-of-Things. Fog Computing in the Internet of Things, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021","article-title":"Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Botta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, P.G., Pooranian, Z., Shamshirband, S., Abawajy, J.H., and Conti, M. (2017). Fog over Virtualized IoT: New Opportunity for Context-Aware Networked Applications and a Case Study. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201711.0126.v2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600885","article-title":"Architectural imperatives for Fog computing: Use cases, requirements, and architectural techniques for FOG-enabled IoT networks","volume":"55","author":"Byers","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseinian-Far, A., Ramachandran, M., and Slack, C.L. (2018). Emerging Trends in Cloud Computing, Big Data, Fog Computing, IoT and Smart Living. Technology for Smart Futures, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60137-3_2"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7389832","article-title":"When big data meets software-defined networking: SDN for big data and big data for SDN","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateya, A.A., Muthanna, A., Gudkova, I., Abuarqoub, A., Vybornova, A., and Koucheryavy, A. (2018). Development of Intelligent Core Network for Tactile Internet and Future Smart Systems. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7010001"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panarello, A., Tapas, N., Merlino, G., Longo, F., and Puliafito, A. (2018). Blockchain and IoT Integration: A Systematic Survey. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082575"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R., and Gauravaram, P. (2017, January 13\u201317). Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), Kona, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2017.7917634"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Banafa, A. (2017). IoT and Blockchain Convergence: Benefits and Challenges. IEEE Internet of Things, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"141","article-title":"Blockchain-Applications in Banking & Payment Transactions: Results of a Survey","volume":"2017","author":"Peter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Financ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2871325","article-title":"SDN-based Multi-Protocol Edge Switching for IoT Service Automation","volume":"36","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Alliance, N.G.M.N. (2017). 5G White Paper, Next Generation Mobile Networks."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateya, A.A., Muthanna, A., and Koucheryavy, A. (2018, January 11\u201314). 5G framework based on multi-level edge computing with D2D enabled communication. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Chuncheon-si Gangwon-do, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2018.8323811"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wang, S., Tu, G.H., Ganti, R., He, T., Leung, K., Tripp, H., Warr, K., and Zafer, M. (2013). Mobile micro-cloud: Application classification, mapping, and deployment. Proceedings of the Annual Fall Meeting of ITA (AMITA), Imperial College London."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Computing, F. (2015). The Internet of Things: Extend the Cloud to Where the Things Are, CISCO."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giang, N.K., Blackstock, M., Lea, R., and Leung, V.C. (2015, January 26\u201328). Developing IoT applications in the Fog: A distributed dataflow approach. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2015.7356560"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1145\/3126501","article-title":"HiCH: Hierarchical Fog-assisted computing architecture for healthcare IoT","volume":"16","author":"Azimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"135","article-title":"Distributed Control Plane Optimization in SDN-Fog VANET","volume":"2017","author":"Borcoci","year":"2017","journal-title":"ICN"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757955","article-title":"A software defined Fog node based distributed blockchain cloud architecture for IoT","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khakimov, A., Muthanna, A., and Muthanna, M.S.A. (February, January 29). Study of Fog computing structure. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIConRus.2018.8317028"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2018.10718","article-title":"OpenFlow Based Load Balancing for Software-Defined Network Applications","volume":"24","author":"Rofie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichek, R., Vladyko, A., Zakharov, M., and Koucheryavy, A. (February, January 31). Model networks for internet of things and SDN. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Pyeongchang, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2016.7423280"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kleinrock, L. (1976). Queueing Systems, Volume 2: Computer Applications, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Iversen, V.B. (2005). Teletraffic Engineering Handbook, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Vogl, S., and Eckert, C. (2012, January 10). Using hardware performance events for instruction-level monitoring on the x86 architecture. Proceedings of the 2012 European Workshop on System Security EuroSec, Bern, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"A survey on application layer protocols for the internet of things","volume":"3","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. IoT Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., and Sahoo, G. (arXiv, 2014). Cloud computing simulation using CloudSim, arXiv.","DOI":"10.14445\/22315381\/IJETT-V8P216"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2018, September 10). CloudSimSDN Project. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/jayjmin\/cloudsimsdn."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taneja, M., and Davy, A. (2017, January 8\u201312). Resource aware placement of IoT application modules in Fog-Cloud Computing Paradigm. Proceedings of the 2017 IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.23919\/INM.2017.7987464"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/8\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:32:50Z","timestamp":1760185970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/8\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan8010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan8010015","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0305.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]}}}