{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T10:14:23Z","timestamp":1783764863820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]],"date-time":"2019-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of completely automated systems for collecting sensor data with the aim of monitoring and controlling the quality of small-scale food processes is not widespread. Small and micro-enterprises usually do not carry out their own precompetitive research or prototype development as regards to automation technologies. This study proposes a web-based, low-cost monitoring and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system whose kernel is available for free, as a possible solution that could be adopted by these food producers. It is mainly based on open SW\/HW so as its configuration is adaptable to the application and type of plant. It presents a modular architecture and its main functionalities encompass the acquisition, management, aggregation and visualization of process data, providing an operating database. It also provides food tracking and process quality control: The time series are browsable due to QR-Code generation and different early warning detection strategies are implemented. A tool for solving migration problems based on Fick\u2019s equation is offered as a packaging decision support system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan8040052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1571629229000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Low-Cost Monitoring System and Operating Database for Quality Control in Small Food Processing Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ombretta","family":"Paladino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fissore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICCA\u2013Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Opera Pia 5, I-16145 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Neviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICCA\u2013Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Opera Pia 5, I-16145 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(01)00015-9","article-title":"A survey of automation practices in the food industry","volume":"12","author":"Ilyukhin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2008.03.027","article-title":"Extending fieldbus standards to food processing and packaging industry: A review","volume":"31","author":"Mahalik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-009-9076-2","article-title":"Processing and packaging automation systems: A review","volume":"3","author":"Mahalik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.049","article-title":"Automation of an olive waste industrial rotary dryer","volume":"68","author":"Arjona","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.07.023","article-title":"In-line measurement of sunflower oil color in the Lovibond scale using a low-cost robust device","volume":"120","author":"Muzzio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldwell, D.G. (2013). 6 - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and related systems for automated process control in the food industry: An introduction. Robotics and Automation in the Food Industry, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095763"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2018.12.009","article-title":"An intelligent machine vision-based smartphone app for beef quality evaluation","volume":"248","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.07.287","article-title":"ONTO-PLC: An ontology-driven methodology for converting PLC industrial plants to IoT","volume":"126","author":"Cristani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Review of IoT applications in agro-industrial and environmental fields","volume":"142","author":"Talavera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104939","article-title":"Architecture framework of IoT-based food and farm systems: A multiple case study","volume":"165","author":"Verdouw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5296\/npa.v10i4.14147","article-title":"Practical Design of a WSN to Monitor the Crop and its Irrigation System","volume":"10","author":"Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Netw. Protoc. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690451116","article-title":"On-Line runaway detection in batch reactors using chaos theory techniques","volume":"45","author":"Strozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9601(02)00436-X","article-title":"Recurrence quantification based Liapunov exponents for monitoring divergence in experimental data","volume":"297","author":"Zbilut","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00120-8","article-title":"Nonlinear black-box modeling in system identification: A unified overview","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, January 06). EU Commission Regulation EU Commission Regulation No 10\/2011 of 14 January 2011 on Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food Text with EEA Relevance. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2011\/10\/oj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(03)00003-2","article-title":"A general criterion to define runaway limits in chemical reactors","volume":"16","author":"Cano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1205\/095758204322777633","article-title":"Sensitivity Analysis in Polymerization Reactions Using the Divergence Criterion","volume":"82","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2003.08.005","article-title":"On-line runaway detection in isoperibolic batch and semibatch reactors using the divergence criterion","volume":"28","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(00)00373-0","article-title":"Controllability of start-ups in CSTRs under PI control","volume":"56","author":"Ratto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, August 19). Scikit-Learn: Machine Learning in Python\u2014scikit-Learn 0.21.3 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, August 19). mlpy\u2013Machine Learning Python. Available online: http:\/\/mlpy.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, August 19). PyBrain. Available online: http:\/\/pybrain.org\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, August 19). Welcome to NeuroLab\u2019s documentation!\u2014NeuroLab 0.3.5 documentation. Available online: https:\/\/pythonhosted.org\/neurolab\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019, August 19). PyNeurGen. Available online: http:\/\/pyneurgen.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814178-6.00011-X","article-title":"Chapter 11\u2014Modeling in environmental interfaces","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Kyzas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interface Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1080\/00207178908953472","article-title":"Orthogonal least squares methods and their application to non-linear system identification","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039609374443","article-title":"The application of a predictive migration model for evaluating the compliance of plastic materials with European food regulations","volume":"13","author":"Baner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030400028035","article-title":"Evaluation of migration models that might be used in support of regulations for food-contact plastics","volume":"22","author":"Begley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030210126389","article-title":"Simple models for assessing migration from food-packaging films","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4530.2010.00612.x","article-title":"Analysis of Mathematical Models to Describe the Migration of Additives from Packaging Plastics to Foods","volume":"35","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701761944","article-title":"A Critical Survey of Predictive Mathematical Models for Migration from Packaging","volume":"48","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Moresi, M., Masi, P., and Massini, R. (2008). Industria Alimentare Italiana: Quali Prospettive di Ricerca e Sviluppo?, Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari (SISTAL) c\/o Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari (DISTA), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia."}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/8\/4\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:28:00Z","timestamp":1760189280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2224-2708\/8\/4\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jsan8040052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jsan8040052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-2708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-2708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]]}}}