{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:25:11Z","timestamp":1777713911463,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JSAN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>5G is considered to be the technology that will accommodate the development and management of innovative services with stringent and diverse requirements from end users, calling for new business models from the industry. In this context, the development and efficient management of Network Services (NS) serving specific vertical industries and spanning across multiple administrative domains and heterogeneous infrastructures is challenging. The main challenges regard the efficient provision of NSs considering the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements per vertical industry along with the optimal usage of the allocated resources. Towards addressing these challenges, this paper details an innovative approach that we have developed for managing and orchestrating such NSs, called SONATA, and compare it with OSM and Cloudify, which are two of the most known open-source Management and Orchestration (MANO) frameworks. In addition to examining the supported orchestration mechanisms per MANO framework, an evaluation of main operational and functional KPIs is provided based on experimentation using a real testbed. The final aim is the identification of their strong and weak points, and the assessment of their suitability for serving diverse vertical industry needs, including of course the Internet of Things (IoT) service ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Comparison of Management and Orchestration Solutions for the 5G Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Trakadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Synelixis Solutions, 341 00 Chalkida, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karkazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synelixis Solutions, 341 00 Chalkida, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen C.","family":"Leligou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synelixis Solutions, 341 00 Chalkida, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Zahariadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synelixis Solutions, 341 00 Chalkida, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Vicens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atos, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Zurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atos, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pol","family":"Alemany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Soenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Parada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Altice Labs, 4540-225 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Altice Labs, 4540-225 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Fotopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubitech, 15231 Chalandri Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Zafeiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubitech, 15231 Chalandri Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Kapassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Pireas, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Touloupou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Pireas, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7019-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Kyriazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Pireas, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Flynn, K. 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