{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:19:23Z","timestamp":1790173163350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20CGL057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20CGL057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To maintain the sustainable development of a platform\u2019s economy, e-commerce platforms put forward various subsidy programs to retailers selling on them during COVID-19. This paper investigates an e-commerce platform\u2019s decision on subsidizing a retailer selling on it with logistics constraints during an epidemic scenario, with a focus on the role of power structure and altruistic preference. By constructing two Stackelberg game models, the research obtains the optimal subsidy under two power structures (i.e., the dominant platform and the weaker platform), respectively. The comparison between them shows that the conditions of the dominant platform giving subsidies (both altruistic preference and logistics constraints should be higher enough) are stricter than the weaker platform. Considering the same altruistic preference and logistics constraints, the optimal subsidy provided by the weaker platform should always be not less than the dominant platform. However, the weaker platform, surprisingly, can get more utility by lowering its altruistic preference voluntarily when the commission fee is low. No matter what the power structure is, the optimal subsidy increases with the logistics service coefficient and altruistic preference, and the dominant member\u2019s profit\/utility is not less than the weaker one, which confirms \u201cthe first mover advantage\u201d. Finally, more managerial implications to the platform-retailer systems are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16050095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"1680-1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["How Should E-Commerce Platforms Subsidize Retailers with Logistics Constraints during an Epidemic Scenario? Considering Power Structure and Altruistic Preference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Finance, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.01.008","article-title":"Dynamic governance decisions on multi-modal inter-city travel during a large-scale epidemic spreading","volume":"104","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy095","article-title":"Population mobility reductions associated with travel restrictions during the Ebolan epidemic in Sierra Leone: Use of mobile phone data","volume":"47","author":"Peak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WTO (2021, March 20). E-Commerce, Trade and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.wto.int\/english\/tratop_e\/covid19_e\/ecommerce_report_e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dospinescu, N., Dospinescu, O., and Tatarusanu, M. (2020). Analysis of the Influence Factors on the Reputation of Food-Delivery Companies: Evidence from Romania. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104142"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16040056","article-title":"Understanding the Adoption of Incentivized Word-of-Mouth in the Online Environment","volume":"16","author":"Anastasiei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Emarketer (2021, February 21). Global Ecommerce. 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.emarketer.com\/content\/global-ecommerce-2020."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Paidai (2021, March 20). Research Report on the Current Situation of E-Commerce Retailers under the Epidemic Situation. Available online: https:\/\/bbs.paidai.com\/topic\/1767445."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0549","article-title":"Two-sided competition of proprietary vs. Open source technology platforms and the implications for the software industry","volume":"52","author":"Economides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2012.01332.x","article-title":"Competition and Coordination in Online Marketplaces","volume":"21","author":"Ryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100897","article-title":"The value of horizontal cooperation in online retail channels","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102036","article-title":"Removing barriers for grocery stores: O2O platform and self-scheduling delivery capacity","volume":"141","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Anastasiei, B., and Dospinescu, N. (2019, January 13\u201314). Paid Product Reviews in Social Media\u2013are They Effective?. Proceedings of the 34th International Business Information Management Association Conference, Vision 2025: Education Excellence and Management of Innovations through Sustainable Economic Competitive Advantage, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2230","article-title":"Agency Selling or Reselling? Channel Structures in Electronic Retailing","volume":"62","author":"Abhishek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.01.049","article-title":"Optimal pricing in on-demand-service-platform-operations with hired agents and risk-sensitive customers in the blockchain era","volume":"284","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12831","article-title":"How add-on pricing interacts with distribution contracts","volume":"27","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106779","article-title":"Research on green closed-loop supply chain with the consideration of double subsidy in e-commerce environment","volume":"149","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0910","article-title":"Social Preferences and Supply Chain Performance: An Experimental Study","volume":"54","author":"Loch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1504\/EJIE.2018.093647","article-title":"Altruistic preference for investment decisions in the logistics service supply chain","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2018.10.008","article-title":"Financing and ordering strategies for a supply chain under the option contract","volume":"208","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., and Zeng, Y. (2020). Borrowing or Crowdfunding: A Comparison of Poverty Alleviation Participation Modes Considering Altruistic Preferences. Int. J. Prod. Res., 1\u201315. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00207543.2020.1821117."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2004.04.007","article-title":"Competitive pricing of mixed retail and e-tail distribution channels","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2012.09.018","article-title":"Pricing games of mixed conventional and e-commerce distribution channels","volume":"64","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.07.048","article-title":"Interactions of competing manufacturers\u2019 leader-follower relationship and sales format on online platforms","volume":"280","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach, M.P. (2021). Editorial: Electronic Commerce in the Time of Covid-19\u2014Perspectives and Challenges. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-18762021000100101"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8616595","article-title":"Different Dominant Models and Fairness Concern of E-Supply Chain","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04399-0","article-title":"Firms\u2019 pricing strategies under different decision sequences in dual-format online retailing","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.07.029","article-title":"The optimal combination between selling mode and logistics service strategy in an e-commerce market","volume":"289","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1612963","article-title":"The optimal sales format for green products considering downstream investment","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603322493212","article-title":"Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets","volume":"1","author":"Rochet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eur. Econ. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1688","article-title":"Mixed Bundling in Two-Sided Markets in the Presence of Installed Base Effects","volume":"59","author":"Chao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2017.0618","article-title":"The role of surge pricing on a service platform with Self-Scheduling capacity","volume":"19","author":"Cachon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107544","article-title":"How do product quality uncertainties affect the sharing economy platforms with risk considerations? A mean-variance analysis","volume":"224","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.02.003","article-title":"The optimal pricing strategy for two-sided platform delivery in the sharing economy","volume":"101","author":"Kung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16030028","article-title":"Distribution contract analysis on e-Platform by considering channel role and good complementarity","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Comm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12595","article-title":"Strategic Analysis of the Agency Model for Digital Goods","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12977","article-title":"Channel Selection and Contracting in the Presence of a Retail Platform","volume":"28","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.11.011","article-title":"Strategic introduction of the marketplace channel under spillovers from online to offline sales","volume":"267","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2704445","article-title":"The Effect of Bidimensional Power Structure on Supply Chain Decisions and Performance","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2015.6","article-title":"The impact of power structure on the retail service supply chain with an O2O mixed channel","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.12487","article-title":"Pricing and quality level decisions of substitutable products in online and traditional selling channels: Game-theoretical approaches","volume":"26","author":"Taleizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.04.023","article-title":"Pricing policies for complementary products in a dual-channel supply chain","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294019879172","article-title":"Decision-making of online channels under three power structures","volume":"53","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Control."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079.2020.1748617","article-title":"The introduction strategy of the emerging online marketplace considering risk attitude and channel power","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10696-018-9318-x","article-title":"Price and location competition in supply chain with horizontal altruistic retailers","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Flex. Serv. Manuf. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2019.237","article-title":"Pricing decision and coordination contract in low-carbon tourism supply chains based on altruism preference","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120883","article-title":"Recycling decisions of low-carbon e-commerce closed-loop supply chain under government subsidy mechanism and altruistic preference","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2657-2","article-title":"Carbon emission reduction and pricing policies of a supply chain considering reciprocal preferences in cap-and-trade system","volume":"268","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Pratap, S., Zhao, Z., Prajapati, D., and Huang, G.Q. (2020). Forward and Reverse Logistics Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Horizons in B2C E-Commerce Logistics. Int. J. Prod. Res., 1\u201320. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00207543.2020.1812749?journalCode=tprs20.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1812749"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.101886","article-title":"An intelligent logistics service system for enhancing dispatching operations in an IoT environment","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1515\/pomr-2017-0117","article-title":"Dry Ports-Seaports Sustainable Logistics Network Optimization: Considering the Environment Constraints and the Concession Cooperation Relationships","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. Marit. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12885","article-title":"Marketplace, Reseller, or Hybrid: Strategic Analysis of an Emerging E-Commerce Model","volume":"27","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100888","article-title":"A comparative study of entry mode options for E-commerce platforms and suppliers","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158244019870536","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019870536","article-title":"Coordination Analysis of Revenue Sharing in E-Commerce Logistics Service Supply Chain With Cooperative Distribution","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"354","article-title":"Selection of logistics service modes in e-commerce based on multi-oligopolies Cournot competition","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ship Trans. Log."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107553","article-title":"Join logistics sharing alliance or not? Incentive analysis of competing E-commerce firms with promised-delivery-time","volume":"224","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2018.100820","article-title":"Impacts of logistics resource sharing on B2C E-commerce companies and customers","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106849","article-title":"Logistics service sharing and competition in a dual-channel e-commerce supply chain","volume":"149","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.07.003","article-title":"Agency selling or reselling: E-tailer information sharing with supplier offline entry","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.2042","article-title":"Marketplace or reseller?","volume":"61","author":"Hagiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.09.022","article-title":"Strategic introduction of the marketplace channel under dual upstream disadvantages in sales efficiency and demand information","volume":"273","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100851","article-title":"E-commerce supply chains under capital constraints","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1204475","article-title":"Pricing and effort decisions for a supply chain with uncertain information","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.03.019","article-title":"Pricing and service effort strategy in a dual-channel supply chain with showrooming effect","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1492754","article-title":"Game theoretic analysis of horizontal carrier coordination with revenue sharing in E-commerce logistics","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.05.022","article-title":"The influences of demand disruption on logistics service supply chain coordination: A comparison of three coordination modes","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Romania, E. (2021, March 15). COVID-19: How to Build Supply Chains Resilient to Disruption. Available online: https:\/\/www.ey.com\/en_ro\/advisory\/how-to-build-a-supply-chain-thats-resilient-to-global-disruption."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12632","article-title":"The effects of subsidies on increasing consumption through For-Profit and Not-For-Profit newsvendors","volume":"26","author":"Berenguer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04260-4","article-title":"The influences of channel subsidy on consumers in a dual-channel supply chain","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2007.25275684","article-title":"Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility","volume":"32","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-016-3181-z","article-title":"Food Waste, Power, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Australian Food Supply Chain","volume":"150","author":"Devin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethic"}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/16\/5\/95\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:06:15Z","timestamp":1760162775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/16\/5\/95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer16050095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer16050095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]}}}