{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:14Z","timestamp":1760236154569,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of information technology, digital platforms can collect, utilize, and share large amounts of specific information of consumers. However, these behaviors may endanger information security, thus causing privacy concerns among consumers. Considering the information sharing among firms, this paper constructs a two-period duopoly price competition Hotelling model, and gives insight into the impact of three different levels of privacy regulations on industry profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare. The results show that strong privacy protection does not necessarily make consumers better off, and weak privacy protection does not necessarily hurt consumers. Information sharing among firms will lead to strong competitive effects, which will prompt firms to lower the price for new customers, thus damaging the profits of firms, and making consumers\u2019 surplus higher. The level of social welfare under different privacy regulations depends on consumers\u2019 product-privacy preference, and the cost of information coordination among firms. With the cost of information coordination among firms increasing, it is only in areas where consumers have greater privacy preferences that social welfare may be optimal under the weak regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16070161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"2943-2964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social Welfare Analysis under Different Levels of Consumers\u2019 Privacy Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xudong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Big Data Intelligent Management and Decision, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3586-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Hanyang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Big Data Intelligent Management and Decision, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Big Data Intelligent Management and Decision, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3392","article-title":"Competitive Personalized Pricing","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. 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