{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T01:04:40Z","timestamp":1786755880322,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Social Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["22GL56D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GL56D"]}]},{"name":"the Social Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["21JL08D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JL08D"]}]},{"name":"the Social Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["71764018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71764018"]}]},{"name":"the Social Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["JJ21212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJ21212"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22GL56D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GL56D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21JL08D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JL08D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71764018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71764018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJ21212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJ21212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["22GL56D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GL56D"]}]},{"name":"the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["21JL08D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JL08D"]}]},{"name":"the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["71764018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71764018"]}]},{"name":"the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["JJ21212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJ21212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China\u2019s service trade competitiveness is weak, and the service industry occupies a low position in the GVC (Global Value Chain); therefore, promoting the upgrade of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry is worth studying. Under the new situation of the continuous integration of the digital economy and the real economy, the digital economy has injected new momentum into the mid-to-high end of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry. Based on the panel data of the service industry sub-sectors, the mediating effect model is constructed, and the system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) is used to empirically determine whether the digital economy can significantly improve the participation and position of China\u2019s service industry in the GVC, and promote the upgrading of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry. This conclusion still holds after replacing the independent variable measurement indicator, adding control variables, considering changes in industry trends, and using quantile regression and other robustness tests. The promotion effect of the digital economy on the upgrading of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry shows heterogeneity in different service objects and service industries with different factor intensities, indicating that the digital economy will affect the internal structure of the upgrading of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry. The results of the mediation test found that the service trade cost, multilateral resistance to service trade, service industry structure, financial development level, human capital and service export complexity are the mechanisms for the digital economy to enable the upgrading of the GVC of China\u2019s service industry. This study improves the analysis of the impact factors of the GVC in the service industry, enriches the theory of the GVC, and improves the research content of digital economy theory. This study also provides a reference for other developing countries similar to China on how to promote the upgrading of the GVC of the service industry in the process of digital economy development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer17040065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1665279791000},"page":"1279-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Digital Economy and the Upgrading of the Global Value Chain of China\u2019s Service Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daxue","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Trade, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianju","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Trade, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8069-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weichiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Administration College, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goldfarb, A., and Trefler, D. (2022, September 28). AI and International Trade. Available online: http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w24254."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20171452","article-title":"Digital economics","volume":"57","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"221","article-title":"Analysis of the current situation and influencing factors of Chinese SMEs\u2019 export development under APEC digital economy","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. J. Econ. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"115","article-title":"Countermeasures for digital economy to promote the upgrading of China\u2019s manufacturing industry under the visual of global-value-chain","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital economy and export technical sophistication of China\u2019s manufacturing industry: Test based on mediating effect and threshold effect","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"South China J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.20210901.oa5","article-title":"How does the digital economy affect the domestic value-added rate of Chinese exports?","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4","article-title":"Digital economy, search cost of destination country and export quality of China\u2019s enterprises","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Trade Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"105","article-title":"The impact of digital economy penetration on global value chain position: Transnational empirical research based on industrial heterogeneity","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Trade"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"46","article-title":"China\u2019s open economics: Building an economic theory that explains the achievements of China\u2019s opening-up","volume":"2","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/02529203.2021.2003598","article-title":"Technology and culture in the digital age","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"110","article-title":"The multiple influence of digital economy on China\u2019s foreign trade competitiveness","volume":"1","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Financ. Econ. Issues"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, W., Liu, H.A., and Pan, F.H. (2022). Digital economy, industry heterogeneity, and service industry resource allocation. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14138020"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"63","article-title":"The impact of the digital economy of trading partner countries on China\u2019s service export trade","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474745618000502","article-title":"Governing digital trade","volume":"18","author":"Meltzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Trade Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ferencz, J., and Gonzales, F. (2019). Barriers to Trade in Digitally Enabled Services in the G20, OECD Publishing. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 232."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jiel\/jgz044","article-title":"Digital trade provisions in preferential trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset","volume":"23","author":"Mira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Econ. Law"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3","article-title":"The impact of regulatory integration on digital trade: A test of digital content industry from WIOD","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. World Econ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferracane, M., and Marel, E.V.D. (2019). Do Data Policy Restrictions Inhibit Trade in Services?, Elsevier. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper, No. RSCAS 2019\/29.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3384005"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Spiezia, V., and Tscheke, J. (2020). International Agreements on Cross-Border Data Flows and International Trade: A Statistical Analysis, OECD Publishing. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 9."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"114","article-title":"Research progress on digital trade theory and rules","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"28","article-title":"Research on the digital trade effects of American-style digital trade rules under RTAs framework","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World Econ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"37","article-title":"Do digital service trade restrictions affect service exports? Based on the empirical analysis of the digital service industry","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"217","article-title":"Transformation, development and upgrading of international trade in the context of digital economy","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"181","article-title":"Internet and trade costs: An empirical analysis based on cross-border e-commerce data from China SME exports","volume":"2","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"145","article-title":"Digital government and international trade","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Financ. Trade Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.L., Pan, A., Feng, S.S., and Qin, Y.Y. (2022). Digital economy, technological progress, and city export trade. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269314"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"130","article-title":"Does the internet promote division of labor? Evidences from Chinese manufacturing enterprises","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital trade: A framework for analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Trade"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.010","article-title":"Resources and digital export: An RBV perspective on the role of digital technologies and capabilities in cross-border e-commerce","volume":"132","author":"Elia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"57","article-title":"Does the digital economy promote the upgrading of global value vain in China\u2019s manufacturing?","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"99","article-title":"Does internet promote product upgrading of manufacturing enterprises? An analysis based on technical sophistication view","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Financ. Trade Econ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012082","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/880\/1\/012082","article-title":"Difficulties in transforming the construction industry under the digital economy","volume":"880","author":"Timchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"26","article-title":"The impact of digital economic development on the upgrading of industrial structure: Based on the research of grey relational entropy and dissipative structure theory","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reform"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mainly inner circulation, outer circulation empowerment and higher level double circulation: International experience and Chinese practice","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"26","article-title":"Theoretical and empirical analysis on the development of digital finance and economic growth in China","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Quant. Tech. Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital finance, business environment and economic growth","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Econ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"100","article-title":"Economic pressure or social pressure: The development of digital finance and the digital innovation of commercial banks","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Economist"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02521001","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001866","article-title":"Infrastructure and the digital economy: Reinventing our role in the design, financing, and governance of essential services for society","volume":"147","author":"Adriaens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4","article-title":"The high-quality development of Chinese foreign trade enlightened by XI Jinping\u2019s important judgment on the profound changes in a century","volume":"5","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"84","article-title":"International trade in digital economy: Theoretical reflection and prospect","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tianjin Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1057\/s41287-020-00357-x","article-title":"Digital technologies and product upgrading in global value chains: Empirical evidence from Indian manufacturing firms","volume":"34","author":"Banga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"102","article-title":"How does the internet development promote China\u2019s manufacturing industry to \u201cgo out\u201d at a high level? Based on the perspective of export technology upgrading","volume":"6","author":"Zhuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Econ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"71","article-title":"Attention allocation, internet search and international trade","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"38","article-title":"The logic and policy suggestions that the digital economy promotes the trade in Service","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Open. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"104","article-title":"The global service value chain and the measurement of the position of China\u2019s value chain in the service industry","volume":"1","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Univ. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"30","article-title":"Differences in service input sources, manufacturing servitization and GVC upgrading","volume":"45","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"28","article-title":"Aging of population, human capital and service export sophistication","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shanghai J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"101","article-title":"Export quality upgrading of manufacturing enterprises","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Philos. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968","article-title":"Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations","volume":"58","author":"Arellano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(94)01642-D","article-title":"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models","volume":"68","author":"Arellano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(98)00009-8","article-title":"Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data model","volume":"87","author":"Blundell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, D., and Huang, W. (2019). Empirical study of the impact of outward foreign direct investment on water footprint benefit in China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164409"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.2.459","article-title":"Tracing value-added and double counting in gross exports","volume":"104","author":"Koopman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"87","article-title":"Impact of service global value chain embeddedness on service export sophistication: Theory and evidence","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Econ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"82","article-title":"A study on global value chain of producer service industry and the level of China\u2019s participation","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"177","article-title":"Added value of export of digital services in \u201cThe Belt and Road\u201d, position of the value chain, and determining factors: Empirical study based on the world input-output database","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inq. Into Econ. Issues"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"24","article-title":"Digital economy, factor allocation and quality upgrading of manufacturing industry","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reform Econ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"56","article-title":"Has the development of digital economy narrowed the income gap between urban and rural residents?","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reform Econ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"23","article-title":"Research on the scale measurement of China\u2019s digital economy: Based on the perspective of international comparison","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Ind. Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"15","article-title":"Challenges and innovations of economic and social statistics in the face of digital transformation","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"164","article-title":"A study on the scale measurement, disequilibrium and regional differences of China\u2019s inter-provincial digital economy","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quant. Tech. Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"81","article-title":"Research on the measurement and driving factors of China\u2019s digital economy","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shanghai J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"11","article-title":"The impact of digital economy and R&D investment intensity on industrial structure upgrading","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Univ. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"93","article-title":"Input digitization of manufacturing industry and upgrading in GVC: Reexamination based on the difference of input source","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"37","article-title":"Imported producer services affects manufacturing servitization","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Quant. Tech. Econ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2011.00439.x","article-title":"Gravity redux: Measuring international trade costs with panel data","volume":"51","author":"Novy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Inq."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"17","article-title":"The measurement and determinants of the costs in China\u2019s bilateral service trade","volume":"1","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Bus."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2007.01035.x","article-title":"The growth in heterogeneous firm model: Evidence from south eastern Europe","volume":"30","author":"Kancs","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Econ."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"172","article-title":"Internet and international trade: Empirical evidence based on bilateral and bidirectional hyperlinks data","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"71","article-title":"On home market effects of Chinese services trade: Based on panel data of bilateral trade between China and 31 countries","volume":"40","author":"Kan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"39","article-title":"On the export structure and international competitiveness of China\u2019s service trade: An analysis from the perspective of trade in value added","volume":"1","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ. Philos. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"54","article-title":"The impact of exports and foreign capital on human capital efficiency: An empirical analysis based on Chinese industrial enterprise data","volume":"6","author":"Kan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"154","article-title":"Study on the impact mechanism of intellectual property protection on the development of digital economy: Based on quantile regression model","volume":"3","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"23","article-title":"Digital financial inclusion and inclusive growth of Chinese economy: Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence","volume":"1","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"65","article-title":"Digital economy, entrepreneurship, and high-quality economic development: Empirical evidence from urban China","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"71","article-title":"Digital economy, financial inclusion, and inclusive growth","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/17\/4\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1760143502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/17\/4\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer17040065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer17040065","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}