{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:49:46Z","timestamp":1776725386939,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008463","name":"Universitas Airlangga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1421\/UN3.1.8\/PT\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1421\/UN3.1.8\/PT\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of blockchain has received great attention in its adoption as a financial instrument in cryptocurrencies. This phenomenon needs to be considered in the sense not only as a form of financial transactions but also in other fields such as health, which is also a challenge for modern society. In addition, several government policies have also supported the provision of health services as a form of improving people\u2019s living standards in the form of insurance. In this study, we try to design the system by using UML diagram and simulate the use of DApps offered by the Vexanium Ecosystem. For example, three basic activities between patients, doctors, and insurance will be simulated in the form of the transaction ledger. This method allows us to speed up the authentication process that previously needed to be performed for a long time with bureaucracy becoming the rule in smart contracts in a matter of minutes. The evaluation of this method will then be compared with eight existing blockchain projects. The result in healthcare processes is cost savings through increased automation, speed, standardization, and efficiency. All of this can be a preliminary analysis of its application in Indonesia, particularly related to the authentication and recording of medical records.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer17040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T02:09:58Z","timestamp":1669687798000},"page":"1602-1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Integrating Blockchain for Health Insurance in Indonesia with Hash Authentication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin","family":"Sutanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahmat","family":"Mulyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and System Sciences, Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12, Kista, 16455 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franky Chandra Satria","family":"Arisgraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Escriv\u00e1-Escriv\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, Edificio 8E, Escalera F, 2 \u00b0piso, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.02.027","article-title":"Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities","volume":"135","author":"McGhin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., Peng, Y., and Xu, R. (2017, January 22\u201324). Lightweight backup and efficient recovery scheme for health blockchain keys. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized System (ISADS), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISADS.2017.22"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.10.030","article-title":"Digital transformation in healthcare: Analyzing the current state-of-research","volume":"123","author":"Kraus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103290","article-title":"Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda","volume":"122","author":"Tandon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003800","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.003800","article-title":"Blockchain technology: Applications in health care","volume":"10","author":"Angraal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147782","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946373","article-title":"Using blockchain for electronic health records","volume":"7","author":"Shahnaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Zhao, J., Shetty, S., Liu, J., and Li, D. (2017, January 8\u201313). Integrating blockchain for data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292361"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tama, B.A., Kweka, B.J., Park, Y., and Rhee, K.H. (2017, January 22\u201323). A critical review of blockchain and its current applications. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), Palembang, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECOS.2017.8167115"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.22201\/icat.24486736e.2021.19.4.1046","article-title":"Immutable Ubiquitous Digital Certificate Authentication Using Blockchain Protocol","volume":"19","author":"Rahardja","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Distributed systems principles and paradigms","volume":"2","author":"Tanenbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"38","article-title":"DMMS: A decentralized blockchain ledger for the management of medication histories","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Healthc. Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, J., Zhang, C., Gong, Y., Brown, S., and Li, Z. (2020). A content-analysis based literature review in blockchain adoption within food supply chain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051784"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22894","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3054887","article-title":"A security analysis of blockchain-based did services","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1002\/spy2.96","article-title":"Utilization of blockchain for mitigating the distributed denial of service attacks","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"245","article-title":"Factors Causing Delays in Submitting Inpatient BPJS Claims at RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso","volume":"6","author":"Nuraini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aisyah J. Ilmu Kesehat."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Matsumura, Y., Kurabayashi, N., Iwasaki, T., Sugaya, S., Ueda, K., Mineno, T., and Takeda, H. (2010, January 12\u201315). A scheme for assuring lifelong readability in computer based medical records. Proceedings of the 13th World Congress on Medical Informatics (MEDINFO), Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahardjo, D., and Sugiarto, M. (2019, January 4\u20136). Valuation model using a mixed real options method: A review on Singapore and Indonesia digital startups. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2019), Manado, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.2991\/insyma-19.2019.3"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2441","article-title":"An Overview of e-Health in Indonesia: Past and Present Applications","volume":"7","author":"Nugraha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.035","article-title":"Towards the design of efficient hash-based indexing scheme for growing databases on non-volatile memory","volume":"105","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2017.12.001","article-title":"Following the breadcrumbs: Timestamp pattern identification for cloud forensics","volume":"24","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"143","article-title":"Design of E-Commerce Payment System at Tokopedia Online Shopping Site","volume":"1","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aptisi Trans. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012004","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/853\/1\/012004","article-title":"Simulation of leakage current measurement on medical devices using helmholtz coil configuration with different current flow","volume":"853","author":"Sutanto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Residual Current Measurement using Helmholtz Coil Configuration with different Current Flow","volume":"8","author":"Sutanto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16050072","article-title":"Blockchain-based address alias system","volume":"16","author":"Bodziony","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2021349","article-title":"Industry 5.0: Ethereum blockchain technology based DApp smart contract","volume":"18","author":"Rupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0982-x","article-title":"Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Griggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2021.01.001","article-title":"Nowcasting unemployment insurance claims in the time of COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Larson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"479","article-title":"Moral Hazard on Public Health Insurance: Evidence from BPJS in Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Maryatmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Smart, N.P. (2003). Cryptography: An introduction, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2022.110172","article-title":"Resilient practical cooperative output regulation for MASs with unknown switching exosystem dynamics under DoS attacks","volume":"139","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.9744\/jak.23.2.51-61","article-title":"Analysing the Potential of Blockchain for the Accounting Field in Indonesia","volume":"23","author":"Hartoyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Akunt. Dan Keuang."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.03.010","article-title":"DDoS attacks in cloud computing: Issues, taxonomy, and future directions","volume":"107","author":"Somani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.03.002","article-title":"Why do people get phished? Testing individual differences in phishing vulnerability within an integrated, information processing model","volume":"51","author":"Vishwanath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"How blockchain can automate KYC: Systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Malhotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"6","article-title":"Data Immutability Challenges: A Security Analysis of Digital Archiving Systems","volume":"5","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planning"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2949510","article-title":"Blockchain mutability: Challenges and proposed solutions","volume":"9","author":"Politou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16070168","article-title":"Blockchain technology adoption in supply chain finance","volume":"16","author":"Rijanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152802","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-020-9284-9","article-title":"Ethereum smart contract security research: Survey and future research opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6kalp, E., G\u00f6kalp, M.O., \u00c7oban, S., and Eren, P.E. (2018, January 20). Analysing opportunities and challenges of integrated blockchain technologies in healthcare. Proceedings of the 11th SIGSAND\/PLAIS Eurosymposium on Systems Analysis and Design (Eurosymposium), Gdansk, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00060-8_13"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical study of behavioral intention to use blockchain technology","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Discip."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/17\/4\/81\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:51Z","timestamp":1760146131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/17\/4\/81"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer17040081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer17040081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}}}