{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T06:54:36Z","timestamp":1769928876171,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EEA Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021","award":["20-COP-0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-COP-0043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the background of multiple and simultaneous global socio-economic shocks, coupled with digital transformation and the green transition, regional resilience triggers new structural transformations. The more complex processes that need to be addressed now require the usage of complex integrated tools. The novelty of the integrated approach is the combination of the models and the synthetic spatial\u2013temporal picture offered. The quadruple helix, or 4Helix, model puts Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) at the nexus of generating regional digital resilience. We posit a new mindset and behavior of human capital to reinforce innovation and knowledge production and transfer. We explore, using the Romanian national case, to what degree the spatial 4Helix model generates regional digital resilience as a positive externality of adoption of the \u2018new normal\u2019 digital education. We analyze this process in three steps. (1) We determine the spatial distribution of HEIs at the Romanian county level (NUTS3). (2) We calculate the regional static and dynamic resilience indexes (at NUTS2) as the outcome of the method for multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) by each region\u2019s digital economy as well as individual and regional wealth, social digital use and social digital connectivity dimensions. (3) Lastly, we provide the result of overlaid maps and radar charts (using HEIs number and spatial coverage and each region\u2019s static and dynamic digital resilience). These three classes of digital resilience models of 4Helix by region indicate a generalized failure in adopting digital education in Romania. The study contributes by adding a powerful tool to explore the complex processes or phenomena and generating an integrated perspective using a pre-existing framework. In doing so, it enables researchers to better understand and address society\u2019s needs, co-create knowledge and solutions together with the end-users, maximize the impact of these solutions, optimize resources usage, and increase the transparency and accountability of the decision-making processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer18020048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T04:04:48Z","timestamp":1683518688000},"page":"928-958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Regional Digital Resilience and the 4Helix Model\u2014The Higher Education Institutions\u2019 Case in Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4212-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Grigorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Management, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bdul Expozitiei, 30A, 012104 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Lincaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Research Institute for Labor and Social Protection, Povernei Street, 6, 010643 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-9065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Throstur Olaf","family":"Sigurjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iceland, Saemundargata, Ssn. 600169-2039, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Accounting, Copenhagen Business School, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Speran\u021ba","family":"P\u00eerciog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Research Institute for Labor and Social Protection, Povernei Street, 6, 010643 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rothrock, R. 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