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To analyze the bilateral pricing of ride-hailing platforms under the influence of these two effects, in this paper we construct a game-theoretic model under four different scenarios and analyze the equilibrium outcomes. The results show that: (1) when both passengers and drivers are sensitive to hassle costs, if the cross-group network effect on the passenger side is higher than that on the driver side, then the platform\u2019s pricing on both sides increases with the increase in the congestion effect, otherwise the prices on both sides of the platform decrease with the increase in the congestion effect; (2) when passengers are sensitive to hassle costs and drivers are sensitive to price, if the ratio for passengers\u2019 and drivers\u2019 different perceptions of price and hassle cost is greater than a certain threshold, then the platform\u2019s pricing on the passenger side increases with the increase in the congestion effect and the platform\u2019s pricing on the driver side decreases with the increase in the congestion effect, otherwise the platform\u2019s pricing on the passenger side decreases with the increase in the congestion effect and the platform\u2019s pricing on the drivers\u2019 side increases with the increase in the congestion effect; (3) when passengers are sensitive to price and drivers are sensitive to hassle costs, if the ratio for passengers\u2019 and drivers\u2019 different perceptions of price and hassle costs is greater than a certain threshold, then the platform\u2019s pricing on the passenger side decreases with the increase in the congestion effect and the platform\u2019s pricing on the drivers\u2019 side increases with the increase in the congestion effect, otherwise the platform\u2019s pricing on the passenger side increases with the increase of the congestion effect and the platform\u2019s pricing on the driver side decreases with the increase in the congestion effect; (4) when both passengers and drivers are price-sensitive, if the cross-group network effect on the passengers\u2019 side is larger than that on the drivers\u2019 side, then the platform should decrease its pricing on both sides with the increase in the congestion effect, otherwise, if the cross-group network effect on the passengers\u2019 side is less than that on the drivers\u2019 side, the platform should increase its pricing on both sides with the increase in the congestion effect; (5) the platform is able to generate the highest profit in each scenario, and the results of the profit comparison between the four scenarios depends on the cross-group network effects and the congestion effects on both the passengers\u2019 and the drivers\u2019 sides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer18040087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:53:36Z","timestamp":1696222416000},"page":"1721-1740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bilateral Pricing of Ride-Hailing Platforms Considering Cross-Group Network Effect and Congestion Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongfu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x","article-title":"Competition in two-sided markets","volume":"37","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"RAND J. 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