{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T21:41:20Z","timestamp":1785966080602,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["21JZD048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JZD048"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["24NDQN21Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24NDQN21Z"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Youth Project Key project \u201cTang Dynasty Han Female clothing art Representation and cultural Integration\u201d","award":["21JZD048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JZD048"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Youth Project Key project \u201cTang Dynasty Han Female clothing art Representation and cultural Integration\u201d","award":["24NDQN21Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24NDQN21Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advent of 3D virtual presentation technology for clothing has led to the gradual popularisation of digital virtual clothing in the modern fashion industry. However, there remains a gap between the application of this technology and the integration of cultural attributes in the field of digital communication of traditional cultural clothing. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to propose the establishment of a fusion system integrating archaeological research on traditional culture with emerging virtual presentation technology. This paper draws inspiration from the replicability and easy dissemination of digital products to combine cultural archaeology and digital technology. The aim is to provide ideas for the diversity of dissemination of cultural heritage. The research object is Diplomatic Envoys, a Chinese mural painting of the Tang Dynasty that depicts friendly exchanges between countries. The research is divided into two research stages. A CLO3D software-based digital restoration test was conducted to reproduce the costumes of officials and foreign envoys depicted in the Tang Dynasty mural. The FAHP model was employed to verify the accuracy of the restoration results. The experiment demonstrated that the digitally reconstructed clothing exhibited a high degree of similarity to the unearthed mural figure clothing object. Furthermore, the restoration result passed the credibility verification, resulting in a \u2018credible\u2019 outcome. The application of digital virtual simulation clothing restoration methods offers two key advantages. Firstly, in comparison with traditional clothing restoration methods, digital restoration enables the rapid assessment of the resulting clothing effect, thereby reducing the likelihood of secondary damage to cultural relics due to manual errors. Secondly, the benefits of digital technology facilitate the convenient storage, replication, and dissemination of clothing data information. Data can not only be extended to online exhibition halls but also to game animation, clothing production, and other fields for the purposes of creative redesign and information dissemination. Furthermore, these benefits can penetrate the education industry to disseminate information to the public through all-round display models and explanations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer19020069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:29:47Z","timestamp":1717417787000},"page":"1358-1391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Digital Virtual Simulation for Cultural Clothing Restoration: Case Study of Tang Dynasty Mural \u2018Diplomatic Envoys\u2019 from Crown Prince Zhang Huai\u2019s Tomb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1746-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art & Design, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Digital Intelligence Style and Creative Design Research Center, Key Research Center of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RongRong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Intelligence Style and Creative Design Research Center, Key Research Center of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"School of Fashion Design & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fashion Design & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akpan, J.I., and Offodile, F.O. (2024). The Role of Virtual Reality Simulation in Manufacturing in Industry 4.0. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12010026"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"\u2018Just hit a button!\u2019\u2013Fashion 4.0 designers as cyborgs, experimenting and designing with generative algorithms","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Fash. Des. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lyst & The Fabricant (2023, January 25). Digital Fashion Report. Available online: https:\/\/www-lyst-com-s.elib.zstu.edu.cn:443\/data\/digital-fashion-report\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e4rm\u00e4kari, N., and V\u00e4nsk\u00e4, A. (2020, January 11\u201314). Open-source philosophy in fashion design: Contesting authorship conventions and professionalism. Proceedings of the Synergy\u2014DRS International Conference, Online.","DOI":"10.21606\/drs.2020.195"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer19010035","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Fashion Design and E-Commerce Applications: The Case of Midjourney","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Zhang, B. (2022, January 19\u201321). Reconstruction and Digital Display Design of Women\u2019s Clothing in Jiangnan Area of Yuan Dynasty under Digital. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 21st International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications (IUCC\/CIT\/DSCI\/SmartCNS), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IUCC-CIT-DSCI-SmartCNS57392.2022.00059"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2019.1621042","article-title":"Digital replicas of historical skirts","volume":"110","author":"Moskvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2021.1914136","article-title":"Analysing narrative engagement with immersive environments: Designing audience-centric experiences for cultural heritage learning","volume":"36","author":"Leow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mus. Manag. Curatorship"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2019.1641649","article-title":"Improving the success of simulation projects using 3D visualization and virtual reality","volume":"71","author":"Akpan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549718757039","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of virtual reality, 3D visualization and 2D visual interactive simulation: An exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Akpan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.09.031","article-title":"A knowledge based architecture for the virtual restoration of ancient photos","volume":"74","author":"Ardizzone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bendicho, V.M.L.-M. (2011). Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics: Non-Invasive Survey of Complex Archaeological Sites, Springer."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1515\/aut-2018-0001","article-title":"Virtual Reconstruction of a Historical Men\u2019s Suit","volume":"18","author":"Kuzmichev","year":"2018","journal-title":"AUTEX Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2478\/aut-2022-0001","article-title":"Archaeology and virtual simulation restoration of costumes in the Han Xizai banquet painting","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"AUTEX Res. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does fuzzification of pairwise comparisons in analytic hierarchy process add any value?","volume":"28","author":"Faran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2023, January 20\u201322). Research on Stability of Industry University Research Institute Alliance Based on FAHP. Proceedings of the 2023 35th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Yichang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC58219.2023.10327067"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3631145","article-title":"Individually Integrated Virtual\/Augmented Reality Environment for Interactive Perception of Cultural Heritage","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hamilakis, Y. (2024). Archaeology and the Senses: Human Experience, Memory and Affect, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100532","article-title":"Analyzing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) recent development in education","volume":"8","author":"Jaboob","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bakhmut, R., Kunanetsa, N., Rzheuskyi, A., Pasichnyk, V., Kut, V., Volkov, O., and Tsmots, I. (2021, January 22\u201325). Formation of virtual tours with the use of augmented reality information technology. Proceedings of the CEUR Workshop, Lviv, Ukraine."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.47604\/ijfd.2389","article-title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies in Fashion Design and Innovation in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Adekunle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Fash. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.02.025","article-title":"Realizing virtual reality learning environment for industry 4.0","volume":"79","author":"Liagkou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9307-9","article-title":"VR to OR: A review of the evidence that virtual reality simulation improves operating room performance","volume":"32","author":"Seymour","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/93.848424","article-title":"Image processing for virtual restoration of artworks","volume":"7","author":"Barni","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mastio, A.D., Cappellini, V., Caldelli, R., De Rosa, A., and Piva, A. (2007, January 1\u20134). Virtual Restoration and Protection of Cultural Heritage Images. Proceedings of the 2007 15th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Cardiff, UK."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"De Rosa, A., Bonacehi, A.M., Cappellini, V., and Barni, M. (2001, January 7\u201310). Image segmentation and region filling for virtual restoration of artworks. Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205), Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanitis, A., and Stylianou, G. (2009, January 9\u201312). e-Restoration of Faces Appearing In Cultural Heritage Artefacts. Proceedings of the 2009 15th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/VSMM.2009.8"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00841-z","article-title":"Historical changes of Chinese costumes from the perspective of archaeology","volume":"10","author":"Kaixuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Liu, K., Li, X., Zeng, Q., Wang, R., Zhang, B., L\u00fc, Z., Chen, C., Xin, X., and Wu, Y. (2022). Research on Archaeology and Digital Restoration of Costumes in DaoLian Painting. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114054"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4894131","article-title":"Digital Design of a Smart Museum Based on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-021-00544-x","article-title":"Structured-light 3D scanning of exhibited historical clothing\u2014A first-ever methodical trial and its results","volume":"9","author":"Montusiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCST-12-2017-0192","article-title":"Research on 3D reconstruction of late Victorian riding skirts","volume":"30","author":"Kuzmichev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-1976(00)00045-2","article-title":"Application of interactive genetic algorithm to fashion design","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.03.011","article-title":"Toward AI fashion design: An Attribute-GAN model for clothing match","volume":"341","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2364398","article-title":"Intelligent fashion recommender system: Fuzzy logic in personalized garment design","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00762-x","article-title":"Study on digital protection and innovative design of Qin opera costumes","volume":"10","author":"Kaixuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., and Zhu, G. (2023). Digital Restoration and 3D Virtual Space Display of Hakka Cardigan Based on Optimization of Numerical Algorithm. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12204190"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2020). Historische Schnitte: Schnitte f\u00fcr Historische Gew\u00e4nder, M. M\u00fcller & Sohn."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2011). Schnittkonstruktionen Trachtenmode f\u00fcr M\u00e4nner, M. M\u00fcller & Sohn."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2014). Schnitte: Grund-und Modellschnitte von Historischen Kost\u00fcmen, M. M\u00fcller & Sohn."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaixuan, L., Jiayu, Z., and Chun, Z. (2022). Research on Digital Restoration of Plain Unlined Silk Gauze Gown of Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb Based on AHP and Human\u2013Computer Interaction Technology. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148713"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2478\/ftee-2023-0045","article-title":"Study and Digital Restoration of Costumes Unearthed from the Tomb of Zhao Boyun","volume":"31","author":"Geheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/ftee-2023-0049","article-title":"Digital Inheritance of Traditional Mongolian Robes of the Nayman Tribe","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Lu, S., Zhao, J., and Jin, Z. (2022). Research on Archaeology and Digital Restoration of Costumes in Spring Outing Painting of Madam Guo. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912243"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0148","article-title":"The use of rapid prototyping in the joining of fractured historical silver object","volume":"24","author":"Seixas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Meissen Fountain Project: Restoration in the age of digital reproduction","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mak. Futur. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3061104","article-title":"Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning","volume":"3","author":"Remondino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"894","article-title":"Effect of usage new methods on historical art restoration educational","volume":"46","author":"Khamseh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.12.003","article-title":"Survey and literature study to provide insights on the application of 3D technologies in objects conservation and restoration","volume":"49","author":"Acke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"139","article-title":"Cross-cultural understanding of Chinese traditional puppetry: Integrating digital technology to enhance audience engagement","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Intang. Herit."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10090-6","article-title":"A knowledge-supported approach for garment pattern design using fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2009.04.009","article-title":"Interactive 3D garment design with constrained contour curves and style curves","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. -Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metaaphanon, N., and Kanongchaiyos, P. (December, January November). Real-time cloth simulation for garment CAD. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia 2005, Dunedin, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1145\/1101389.1101404"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bridson, R., Marino, S., and Fedkiw, R. (2003, January 26\u201327). Simulation of clothing with folds and wrinkles. Proceedings of the Eurographics\/SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"5835026","article-title":"CLO3D-Based 3D Virtual Fitting Technology of Down Jacket and Simulation Research on Dynamic Effect of Cloth","volume":"2022","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuyuan, S., and Xia, T. (2021, January 17\u201320). Design and Implementation of a Virtual Costume Museum. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Virtual Reality, Nanchang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVR51878.2021.9483835"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K.X., Wu, H.H., Ji, Y.B., and Zhu, C. (2022). Archaeology and Restoration of Costumes in Tang Tomb Murals Based on Reverse Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction Technology. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106232"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.04.010","article-title":"Digital replication and reconstruction of mail armour","volume":"45","author":"Wijnhoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861767","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2861767","article-title":"Design and Analysis of Clothing Catwalks Taking into Account Unity\u2019s Immersive Virtual Reality in an Artificial Intelligence Environment","volume":"2022","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intel. Neurosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-019-00929-x","article-title":"Copper granulation: Scientific analysis of the ornaments from the coronet of Lady Pei of the early Tang Dynasty (618-712 AD) in Xi\u2019an","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthrop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Capacete-Caballero, X., Caulfield-Sriklad, D., and McKay, F. (2013, January 16\u201317). Enhancing the display of the fashion artifact through digital multimedia approaches. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Digital Fashion, University of the Arts, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeuchi, K. (2013, January 16\u201318). e-Heritage, Cyber Archaeology, and Cloud Museum. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Culture and Computing, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CultureComputing.2013.77"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2006.10.007","article-title":"Methods for 3D digitization of cultural heritage","volume":"8","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07293","article-title":"Historical dynamics of the Chinese dynasties","volume":"7","author":"Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Zhong, M. (1990). Research on the History of the Silk Road, Tianjin Ancient Books Press."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Meicun, L. (2006). Fifteen Lectures on Silk Road Archaeology, Peking University Press."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Cheng, X. (2015). Elements of Silk Road Civilization in Tang Tomb Murals. Collected Essays of Shaanxi History Museum, Shaanxi Provincial History Museum."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, January 29). Available online: https:\/\/www.sxlib.org.cn\/dfzy\/sxdwljgb\/tddl\/sxtsbl\/tgzql\/qlww\/qlbhyxkh\/201704\/t20170426_702689.html."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Zhang, M.Q. (2006). Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium on Tang Tomb Murals, Sanqin Press."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Liu, X. (1975). The Old Book of Tang: Official Records III, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"97","article-title":"A New Discussion on the \u201cEastern Diplomatic Envoys\u201d of the Tomb of Prince Zhang Huai of Tang Dynasty","volume":"5","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archaeol. Cult. Relics"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"117","article-title":"A New Interpretation of the Eastern Section of the Ambassador Scene in the Murals of the Prince Zhanghuai Tomb of the Tang Dynasty","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(1972). Shaanxi Provincial Museum, Tang tomb excavation group of Weicheng County Bureau of Culture and Education, Brief Report on the Excavation of Prince Zhang Huai\u2019s Tomb in Tang Dynasty. Cult. Relics, 7, 16."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Ou, Y.X., and Song, Q. (1986). The New Book of Tang: Volume 24 Chefu, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"65","article-title":"Analysis of the \u201cDiplomatic Envoys\u201d in the Mural Painting of Prince Zhang Huai of Tang Dynasty","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archaeology"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics (2001). Archaeological Excavation Report of Xuanhua Liao Tomb from 1974 to 1993, Cultural Relics Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brief report on the excavation of the Liaobi painted tomb in Baoshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia","volume":"1","author":"Qi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cult. Relics"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2011). Guanshan Liao Tomb, Cultural Relics Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"35","article-title":"A Glimpse of Two Liao Tomb Murals Unearthed in Chaoyang","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"North. Cult. Relics"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"84","article-title":"On the Silla People in the 61 Tibetan Officials of Qianling","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Silk Road"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Bai, G.X. (2009). A Historical Review of the Relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Silla, China Social Sciences Press."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"77","article-title":"The origin of the messenger wearing bird feather crown in the tomb of Prince Li Xian of Tang Zhanghuai","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Mus. China"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Haoyi, M., and Junming, T. (1988). Ancient Relics of Korea: Silla Chapter (Gyeongju), Central Public Opinion Society."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"64","article-title":"The mural of the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai of Tang Dynasty titled \u201cEastern Diplomatic Envoys\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pop. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Li, D.S., and Li, Y.S. (1999). Bei Shi: Wuji, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"94","article-title":"Portrait of Bohai People","volume":"4","year":"1996","journal-title":"North. Cult. Relics"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"68","article-title":"Research on Mohe stone figurines unearthed from Tang tombs on Huanghe Road in Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archaeology"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"155","article-title":"The secular clothing of Sogdian men entering China during the Sui and Tang dynasties and their cultural identity in China: A focus on the burial materials of Sogdian men entering China during the Sui and Tang dynasties","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"West. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Liu, Q.Y. (2010). General History of Chinese Dance (Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties Volume), Shanghai Music Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"36","article-title":"The Essence of Tang Sancai Cultural Relics from the Tomb of General AnPu and His Wife of Tang Dingyuan","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cult. Relics World"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Qianling Museum (2008). The Exotic Style of the Silk Road Hu People\u2014Exhibition of Tang Dynasty Hu Terracotta Warriors, Cultural Relics Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"39","article-title":"Research on Tang Tomb Murals in Shaanxi: Part 1","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Relics Museolgy"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"32","article-title":"Fanke Brocade Robe: Intersection of Chi\u2019eYanna Envoy and Ludongzan","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Art Res."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Linghu, D.F. (1971). The Book of Zhou, Turkic Biography, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Hui, L. (2008). Biographies of the Sanzang Rabbi of the Great Ci\u2019en Temple, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Wang, B., and Qi, X.S. (2009). Research on Grassland Stone Man, Xinjiang People\u2019s Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Hayashi, T. (2005). Eurasian Stone Oyama, Yuzankaku."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"18","article-title":"Early Turkic figures in Chinese murals and newly discovered pottery figurines in Mongolian tombs","volume":"33","author":"Yeshenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hexi. Univ."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"48","article-title":"Silk Road envoy map as evidence\u2014Reading the mural of \u201cWestern Diplomatic Envoys\u201d from the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai of Tang Dynasty","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pop. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2023, January 31). Available online: https:\/\/www.sxhm.com\/collections\/detail\/468.html."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"377","article-title":"A Study on the Height of Adult Residents of Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties in Zhengzhou Area","volume":"34","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"59","article-title":"Research on the Restoration of Ladies\u2019 Clothing in the Painting of Hairpin Flowers","volume":"59","author":"Kaixuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silk"}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/19\/2\/69\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:59Z","timestamp":1760107979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/19\/2\/69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer19020069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer19020069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}