{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T22:49:23Z","timestamp":1765493363117,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72371007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driven by data, the cross-border expansion of head platforms (HPs) leveraging their data advantages increasingly impacts small and medium-sized platforms (SMPs) and the market innovation ecosystem. This paper constructs a two-stage evolutionary game model to depict the competitive dynamics between HPs and SMPs from the perspective of platforms\u2019 behaviors and strategies. This study finds that, in the core market, HPs\u2019 expansion and SMPs\u2019 retention depend on three factors: HPs\u2019 expansion costs and their impact on data resources, SMPs\u2019 operational costs and their impact on data resources, and the gap in the data value between the platforms. In related markets, under a competitive environment, HPs with a greater innovation influence tend to choose cross-border innovation, while resource-limited SMPs may opt for non-innovation. However, if SMPs have a greater innovation influence but face high costs, the game will not converge to a specific equilibrium. In a monopolistic environment, stable strategies are driven by the scale of innovation and the innovation influence of each platform. Except in cases of minor innovation with a strong innovation influence from SMPs or major innovation with a strong influence from HPs, SMPs\u2019 innovation influence and innovation costs are decisive in the game.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20020075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T20:50:46Z","timestamp":1744923046000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Platforms\u2019 Cross-Border Competition and Innovation Are Driven by Data Elements: A Two-Stage Evolutionary Game Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3632-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7021-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Menglei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/1024529418816525","article-title":"Big data: Hell or heaven? 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