{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:14:56Z","timestamp":1775074496457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2018YFB1703000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1703000"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2018YFB1703001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1703001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fueled by advances in cloud technologies and industrial platforms, networked collaborative manufacturing platforms (NCMPs) are reshaping how products are priced and customized. As decision rights increasingly shape value creation within these platforms, platform leadership\u2014whether driven by the manufacturer or the designer\u2014emerges as a critical determinant of product strategy. However, the effects of different leadership structures on pricing and customization remain unclear. To address this issue, we develop game models comparing manufacturer-led and designer-led platforms. Our analysis reveals that under manufacturer-led platforms, dual-product strategies remain viable across a wider range of customization conditions, ensuring pricing stability and broader demand coverage. In contrast, designer-led platforms are more sensitive to the commission rate\u2014excessive commissions tend to crowd out standard product offerings and distort pricing incentives. Moreover, platform control does not always guarantee superior profit: while designers consistently outperform manufacturers under manufacturer-led platforms, profit dominance in designer-led settings shifts with commission rates. Notably, by jointly optimizing product strategy and pricing mechanisms, firms can achieve more balanced value distribution and sustain collaboration. These findings offer a strategic framework for manufacturers and designers to align platform governance with product architecture, contributing new insights into collaborative pricing, platform leadership, and dual-product innovation in industrial platform ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20030222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leadership-Driven Pricing and Customization in Collaborative Manufacturing: A Platform Dynamics Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runfang","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Operations Management & Industrial Engineering, School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"The Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Process Control & Efficiency Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Operations Management & Industrial Engineering, School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"The Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Process Control & Efficiency Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., and Chang, R. (Manag. Decis., 2024). How Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Facilitate Digital Supply Chain Transformation: The Role of Integration and Agility, Manag. Decis., ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-10-2023-1822"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.11.062","article-title":"Toward a New Era of Cooperation: How Industrial Digital Platforms Transform Business Models in Industry 4.0","volume":"143","author":"Veile","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101538","article-title":"System Construction for Comprehensive Industrial Ecosystem Oriented Networked Collaborative Manufacturing Platform (NCMP) Based on Three Chains","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2025035","article-title":"Strategies to Attract Users to Networked Collaborative Manufacturing Platform for the Complex Heavy Equipment Industry: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ind. Manag. Optim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108065","article-title":"Optimal Pricing Strategies for Manufacturing-as-a Service Platforms to Ensure Business Sustainability","volume":"234","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2019.0103","article-title":"Platform-Dependent Entrepreneurs: Power Asymmetries, Risks, and Strategies in the Platform Economy","volume":"35","author":"Cutolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108068","article-title":"Collaborative Innovation in Supply Chain Systems: Value Creation and Leadership Structure","volume":"235","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2020.102230","article-title":"Customization Strategies between Online and Offline Retailers","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107811","article-title":"Build or Join a Sharing Platform? The Choice of Manufacturer\u2019s Sharing Mode","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13367","article-title":"Retailing with 3D Printing","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107600","article-title":"How to Price 3D-Printed Products? Pricing Strategy for 3D Printing Platforms","volume":"226","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2022.102769","article-title":"Impact of a Platform Developer\u2019s Entry on the Device Manufacturer with Different Power Structures and Revenue Models","volume":"115","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2023.102919","article-title":"Channel Strategies When Digital Platforms Emerge: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2023.108918","article-title":"Offering Custom Products Using a C2M Model: Collaborating with an E-Commerce Platform","volume":"262","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.08.014","article-title":"Determining the Optimal Customization Levels, Lead Times, and Inventory Positioning in Vertical Product Differentiation","volume":"221","author":"Tookanlou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1060.0199","article-title":"On Customized Goods, Standard Goods, and Competition","volume":"25","author":"Syam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2015.0575","article-title":"Research Note\u2014Investigating Firm Strategies on Offering Consumer-Customizable Products","volume":"26","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2017.0729","article-title":"An Economic Analysis of Customer Co-Design","volume":"29","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"157","article-title":"How to Identify Possible Applications of Product Configuration Systems in Engineer-to-Order Companies","volume":"8","author":"Kristjansdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.22088","article-title":"Implications of Product Line Competition on Channel Matching Strategies in a Retail Platform","volume":"70","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nav. Res. Logist. NRL"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2024.07.003","article-title":"The Optimal Product-Line Selling Mode in Online Platforms","volume":"100","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-025-06474-2","article-title":"Product Line Strategy for Green and Non-Green Products in Hybrid Platform Retailing","volume":"346","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103184","article-title":"C2M Strategies on an E-Commerce Platform under Brand Competition","volume":"177","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.06.030","article-title":"Who Should Introduce the Third-Party Platform Channel under Different Pricing Strategies?","volume":"299","author":"Zhen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2230","article-title":"Agency Selling or Reselling? Channel Structures in Electronic Retailing","volume":"62","author":"Abhishek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4262","article-title":"Agency or Wholesale? The Role of Retail Pass-Through","volume":"68","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103487","article-title":"Agency, Reselling, or Hybrid Mode? Competing with Store Brand","volume":"184","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2021.1011","article-title":"Channel Structures of Online Retail Platforms","volume":"24","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103370","article-title":"Manufacturer Encroachment with Competing Dual-Purpose Online Retail Platforms","volume":"73","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Selecting Online Distribution Modes for Differentiated Products in a Platform Supply Chain. Int. J. Prod. Econ., 244, 108384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108384"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2015.0945","article-title":"Turf Wars: Product Line Strategies in Competitive Markets","volume":"35","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603322493212","article-title":"Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets","volume":"1","author":"Rochet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Eur. Econ. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"54","article-title":"Pipelines, Platforms, and the New Rules of Strategy","volume":"94","author":"Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/20\/3\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:36:50Z","timestamp":1760035010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/20\/3\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer20030222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer20030222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}