{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:47Z","timestamp":1792789727604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012906","name":"Shandong Higher Education \u201cYouth Innovation Team Plan\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023RW039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RW039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Philosophy and Social Sciences Youth Talent Team","award":["2024-QNRC-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-QNRC-40"]}]},{"name":"QAU Special Support Program for Talents"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Voice shopping brings consumers convenience and retailers a new channel to reach buyers, which is an important component of online shopping. However, it has received a tepid response recently. Two issues must first be addressed to promote voice shopping: why consumers have a low acceptance of voice shopping and how to motivate their use. Since technology is intended to serve practical purposes, it is necessary to achieve a fit among voice shopping, online shopping tasks, and consumers. Accordingly, this study elaborates on fit and integrates the task-technology fit (TTF) theory (for objective fit) and the technology acceptance model (TAM, for subjective fit) to build a research model in which task, technology, and individual characteristics affect fit that will stimulate voice shopping intention. Using Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the data collected from 425 consumers who do not accept voice shopping, the results show that both objective fit and subjective fit can determine voice shopping intention; however, some critical task, technology, and individual characteristics cannot affect either aspect of fit, indicating that consumers still do not believe voice is workable in online shopping. These findings make suggestions for a purposeful upgrade of the voice shopping experience, which helps promote voice shopping and ultimately contributes to the prosperity of online shopping. This study also offers insights into what constitutes fit and its roles in the integrated model of the TTF theory and TAM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20040293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762178433000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Encourage Online Consumers to Embrace Voice Shopping: Roles of Tasks, Technology, and Individual Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SungMin","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial & Management Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Statista (2024, December 05). Virtual Assistant Technology\u2014Statistics & Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/5572\/virtual-assistants\/#topicOverview."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114566","article-title":"Empathic voice assistants: Enhancing consumer responses in voice commerce","volume":"175","author":"Mari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2022\/17333","article-title":"The voice of commerce: How smart speakers reshape digital content consumption and preferences","volume":"47","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2022.0140","article-title":"The effect of voice AI on digital commerce","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21192","article-title":"Okay, Google!: An empirical study on voice assistants on consumer engagement and loyalty","volume":"36","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Technavio (2025, May 14). Voice commerce market analysis North America, Europe, APAC, South America, Middle East and Africa\u2014US, UK, China, Canada, Germany, UK, Japan, France, Brazil, Italy, India\u2014Size and forecast 2025\u20132029. Available online: https:\/\/www.technavio.com\/report\/voice-commerce-market-industry-analysis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabassa, V., Sabri, O., and Spaletta, C. (2022). Conversational commerce: Do biased choices offered by voice assistants\u2019 technology constrain its appropriation?. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121292"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.2347","article-title":"Love it or hate it? Deconstructing consumers\u2019 attitudes towards AI enabled voice shopping","volume":"23","author":"Kamoonpuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Statista (2024, October 06). Share of Online Consumers Who Regularly Bought Products Via the Following Shopping Channels in the United States as of March 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1242517\/united-states-consumers-preferred-purchase-channels\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"PYMNTS (2025, May 14). How the World Does Digital: A Deep Dive into Global Digital Engagement. Available online: https:\/\/www.pymnts.com\/consumer-insights\/2024\/new-report-how-the-world-does-digital-a-deep-dive-into-global-digital-engagement\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"CNBC (2024, July 06). Amazon Plans to Give Alexa an AI Overhaul\u2014And a Monthly Subscription Price. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/05\/22\/amazon-plans-to-give-alexa-an-ai-overhaul-monthly-subscription-price.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2024.103977","article-title":"Technology roadmapping for the e-commerce sector: A text-mining approach","volume":"81","author":"Sigh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108104","article-title":"Furnishing your home? The impact of voice assistant avatars in virtual reality shopping: A neurophysiological study","volume":"153","author":"Bigne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2022.06.002","article-title":"Brand presentation order in voice shopping: Understanding the effects of sequential product presentation","volume":"98","author":"Halbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107091","article-title":"Experiencing power over AI: The fit effect of perceived power and desire for power on consumers\u2019 choice for voice shopping","volume":"128","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/20932685.2022.2085603","article-title":"Building trust with voice assistants for apparel shopping: The effects of social role and user autonomy","volume":"14","author":"Huh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Fash. Mark."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106359","article-title":"Effects of personalization and social role in voice shopping: An experimental study on product recommendation by a conversational voice agent","volume":"109","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"102309","article-title":"Exploring the role of personality, trust, and privacy in customer experience performance during voice shopping: Evidence from SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis","volume":"58","author":"Bawack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108124","article-title":"The effect of anthropomorphism of virtual voice assistant on perceived safety as an antecedent to voice shopping","volume":"153","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Carsten, C., and Philipp, B. (2021, January 25\u201328). Acceptance of digital voice assistants for grocery shopping. Proceedings of the 50th Annual EMAC Conference, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2089813","article-title":"Adopting voice assistants in online shopping: Examining the role of social presence, performance risk, and machine heuristic","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.17485\/IJST\/v13i43.1911","article-title":"Optimizing the usage of voice assistants for shopping","volume":"13","author":"Muthukumaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Ha, S., and Jeong, S. (2022, January 31). Voice commerce: Exploring consumer expectations of smart speakers for shopping. Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.31274\/itaa.13433"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawool, V., Foroudi, P., and Palazzo, M. (2024). AI-powered voice assistants: Developing a framework for building consumer trust and fostering brand loyalty. Electron. Commer. Res., 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-024-09850-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzepka, C., Berger, B., and Hess, T. (2020, January 7\u201310). Why another customer channel? Consumers\u2019 perceived benefits and costs of voice commerce. Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.499"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sven, T., and Stefanie, P. (2018, January 14\u201316). Alexa\u2014What\u2019s on my shopping list? Investigating consumer perceptions of voice-controlled devices. Proceedings of the SERVSIG Conference Proceedings 2018 Paris: Opportunities for Services in a Challenging World, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Xie, W., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Jiang, H., and Zhou, W. (2024). Warmth or competence? Understanding voice shopping intentions from Human-AI interaction perspective. Electron. Commer. Res., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-024-09859-w"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122407","article-title":"Examining the role of consumer motivations to use voice assistants for fashion shopping: The mediating role of awe experience and eWOM","volume":"190","author":"Kautish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.333","article-title":"Factors predicting the use of technology: Findings from the center for research and education on aging and technology enhancement (CREATE)","volume":"21","author":"Czaja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.10.003","article-title":"Is more always better? Investigating the task-technology fit theory in an online user context","volume":"51","author":"Aljukhadar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.02.006","article-title":"The role of task-technology fit as users\u2019 motivation to continue information system use","volume":"25","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.10.025","article-title":"The effect of task-individual-technology fit on user attitude and performance: An experimental investigation","volume":"54","author":"Parkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2021.01.005","article-title":"How artificial intelligence will affect the future of retailing","volume":"97","author":"Guha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(98)00101-3","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs","volume":"36","author":"Dishaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammenwerth, E., Iller, C., and Mahler, C. (2006). IT-adoption and the interaction of task, technology and individuals: A fit framework and a case study. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-6-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/00033790.2019.1672788","article-title":"What is technology?","volume":"77","author":"Agar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"102619","article-title":"Unpacking task-technology fit to explore the business value of big data analytics","volume":"69","author":"Muchenje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"365","article-title":"18 reasons why IT-reliant work systems should replace \u201cThe IT artifact\u201d as the core subject matter of the IS field","volume":"12","author":"Alter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. AIS"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Goodhue, D.L. (1988). Supporting Users of Corporate Data: The Effect of I\/S Policy Choices. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/249689","article-title":"Task-technology fit and individual performance","volume":"19","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(00)00057-4","article-title":"User evaluation of IS as surrogates for objective performance","volume":"38","author":"Goodhue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, D.N., and Gregor, S.D. (2007). Towards a unified theory of fit: Task, technology and individual. Information Systems Foundations: Theory, Representation and Reality, ANU Press.","DOI":"10.22459\/ISFTRR.11.2007"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2023-0100","article-title":"The effects of Experience-Technology Fit (ETF) on consumption behavior: Extended Reality (XR) visitor experience","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11833-2","article-title":"Influence of individual-technology-task-environment fit on university student online learning performance: The mediating role of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Davis, F.D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.03.009","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of task-individual-technology fit in multi-DSS models context: A two-phase view","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"35","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model and the task-technology fit model to consumer e-commerce","volume":"22","author":"Klopping","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Learn. Perform. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9579-x","article-title":"The study of behavioral intention for mobile commerce: Via integrated model of TAM and TTF","volume":"47","author":"Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMC.2016.078726","article-title":"Wearable device adoption model with TAM and TTF","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mob. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Dishaw, M.T., Strong, D.M., and Bandy, D.B. (2002, January 9\u201311). Extending the task-technology fit model with self-efficacy constructs. Proceedings of the AMCIS 2002 Proceedings, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.02.005","article-title":"Determinants of users\u2019 intention to adopt wireless technology: An empirical study by integrating TTF with TAM","volume":"26","author":"Yen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2015.05.003","article-title":"Consumer acceptance of a revolutionary technology-driven products: The role of adoption in the industrial design development","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87842-9_3","article-title":"Adoption of smart speakers for voice shopping","volume":"Volume 51","author":"Ceici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exploring Innovation in a Digital World"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-07-2021-0536","article-title":"Exploring smart retailing: Anthropomorphism in voice shopping of smart speaker","volume":"36","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calahorra-Candao, G., and Mart\u00edn-de Hoyos, M.J. (2024). From typing to talking: Unveiling AI\u2019s role in the evolution of voice assistant integration in online shopping. Information, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/info15040202"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Xie, W., Chen, Y., Li, Y., and Wei, J. (2024). Understanding voice shopping value co-creation: A Sem-Fsqca method. J. Comput. Inf. Syst., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2024.2338935"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-08-2024-0390","article-title":"Exploring drivers of customer engagement with voice interface in E-retail","volume":"53","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1108\/MIP-06-2023-0268","article-title":"Does humanizing help? Exploring the tole of anthropomorphism and privacy concerns in shoppers adoption of voice-commerce","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mark. Intell. Plan."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use a social networking site: An extension of task-technology fit to social-technology fit","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22757","article-title":"Application of the task-technology fit model to structure and evaluate the adoption of e-books by academics","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150916645682","article-title":"Exploring choice overload, Internet shopping anxiety, variety seeking and online shopping adoption relationship: Evidence from online fashion stores","volume":"17","author":"Nagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Wassel, B. (2024, July 06). Online Shopping Takes Excessive Effort for Many Customers, Study Finds. Available online: https:\/\/www.customerexperiencedive.com\/news\/ecommerce-excessive-effort-personalization-accenture-study\/715727\/."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"PYMNTS (2024, July 06). Multitasking Consumers Want to Shop\u2014And Work\u2014At the Same Time. Available online: https:\/\/www.pymnts.com\/study_posts\/multitasking-consumers-want-to-shop-and-work-at-the-same-time\/."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Walmart Global Tech (2024, September 10). Walmart Releases First Annual State of Adaptive Retail Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/walmartglobaltech_walmart-releases-first-annual-state-of-adaptive-activity-7221566166090047488-pbOm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.016","article-title":"Understanding the impact of m-banking on individual performance: DeLone & McLean and TTF perspective","volume":"61","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240410555315","article-title":"Explaining perceived performance of the world wide web: Uncertainty and the task-technology fit model","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.10.013","article-title":"An empirical examination of factors influencing the intention to use mobile payment","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.2195","article-title":"Tomeito or Tomahto: Exploring consumer\u2019s accent and their engagement with artificially intelligent interactive voice assistants","volume":"23","author":"Sattarapu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2022.04.006","article-title":"Speaking vs. listening: Balancing conversation attributes of voice assistants for better voice marketing","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Mark."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"592","article-title":"Assessing factors influencing customers\u2019 adoption of AI-based voice assistants","volume":"65","author":"Choudhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"102783","article-title":"AI-powered marketing: What, where, and how?","volume":"77","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.66.3.1.18505","article-title":"Understanding service convenience","volume":"66","author":"Berry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4359(01)00065-3","article-title":"Customer loyalty in e-commerce: An exploration of its antecedents and consequences","volume":"78","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2006.06.009","article-title":"Convenience and TAM in a ubiquitous computing environment: The case of wireless LAN","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Prohorchik, K. (2024, July 06). Voice Commerce Could be the Next Disruptive Tech in Retail. Available online: https:\/\/rishisoftwareservices.com\/blog\/voice-commerce.html."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Ruan, S., Wobbrock, J.O., Liou, K., Ng, A., and Landay, J. (2024, July 06). Speech is 3x Faster Than Typing for English and Mandarin Text Entry on Mobile Devices. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.07323."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2019.01.007","article-title":"A study on the reciprocal relationship between user perception and retailer perception on platform-based mobile payment service","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"196","article-title":"User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: An application of the technology acceptance model","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.019","article-title":"Exploring convenience in mobile commerce: Moderating effects of gender","volume":"29","author":"Okazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Rowe, S.D. (2024, October 11). Majority of Online Shoppers are Multitasking, Study Finds. Available online: https:\/\/www.destinationcrm.com\/Articles\/CRM-Insights\/CRM-Blog\/Majority-of-Online-Shoppers-Are-Multitasking-Study-Finds-125137.aspx."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Instandart (2024, November 01). Voice-Activated Shopping: Revolution in The E-Commerce. Available online: https:\/\/instandart.com\/blog\/e-commerce-development\/voice-activated-shopping-revolution-in-the-e-commerce\/."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_02","article-title":"A conceptual framework and a toolkit for supporting the rapid prototyping of context-aware applications","volume":"16","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. -Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumsden, J. (2008). Context-awareness and mobile devices. Handbook of Research on User Interface Design and Evaluation for Mobile Technology, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-871-0"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.09.004","article-title":"Integrating context-awareness and UTAUT to explain Alipay user adoption","volume":"69","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Russel, S.J., and Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Pearson Education. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Hebert, J. (2024, October 11). Needed for Voice-Assisted Technologies: Context. Available online: https:\/\/www.enterpriseai.news\/2019\/05\/07\/needed-for-voice-assisted-technologies-context\/."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02600-w","article-title":"Abstract or concrete? The effects of language style and service context on continuous usage intention for AI voice assistants","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-11-2022-0441","article-title":"How shopping habits change with artificial intelligence: Smart speakers\u2019 usage intention","volume":"51","author":"Aiolfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.02.006","article-title":"An empirical test of three mediation models for the relationship between personal innovativeness and user acceptance of technology","volume":"50","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.08.013","article-title":"A study on factors that affect users\u2019 behavioral intention to transfer usage from the offline to the online channel","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103406","article-title":"User interaction patterns and breakdowns in conversing with LLM-powered voice assistants","volume":"195","author":"Mahmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"458","article-title":"Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions","volume":"33","author":"McCroskey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Commun. Stud."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, W.H., Cheek, J.M., and Brigges, S.R. (1986). The Stanford Shyness Project. Shyness: Perspectives on Research and Treatment, Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0525-3"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00174.x","article-title":"The behavioral consequences of shyness","volume":"45","author":"Pilkonis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.559","article-title":"Shyness and locus of control as predictors of Internet addiction and Internet use","volume":"7","author":"Chak","year":"2004","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.01.046","article-title":"Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Hammick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1531","article-title":"Personality effects on social relationships","volume":"74","author":"Asendorpf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407510375261","article-title":"Shyness and online social networking services","volume":"27","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-007-9203-5","article-title":"Associations between shyness and internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and relationships during emerging adulthood","volume":"37","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.618","article-title":"Internet communication: An activity that appeals to shy and socially phobic people?","volume":"9","author":"Madell","year":"2006","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"339","article-title":"On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill","volume":"63","author":"Miler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Rogers, E.M., and Shoemaker, E.F. (1971). Communication of Innovations, The Free Press."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.9.2.204","article-title":"A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing the adoption of mobile commerce","volume":"12","author":"Bhatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Internet Bank. Commer."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-05-2012-0100","article-title":"Are personal innovativeness and social influence critical to continue with mobile commerce?","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTP.2015.075141","article-title":"An evaluation of measurement model for medical tourism research: The confirmatory factor analysis approach","volume":"6","author":"Awang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage Leaning, EMEA. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.012","article-title":"In-store mobile usage: Downloading and usage intention toward mobile location-based retail apps","volume":"46","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validation by the multi-trait-multi-method matrix","volume":"56","author":"Campbell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2006.08.005","article-title":"A structural equation modeling of the Internet acceptance in Korea","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.007","article-title":"Interactive voice assistants\u2014Does brand credibility assuage privacy risks?","volume":"139","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Johansson, S.H. (2024, October 01). Voice Commerce\u2014Part 1: An Online Shopping Trend Getting Louder. Available online: https:\/\/ecom.nets.eu\/blog-posts\/voice-commerce-part-1-an-online-shopping-trend-getting-louder\/."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"240","article-title":"What drives electronic commerce across cultures? A cross-cultural empirical investigation of the theory of planned behavior","volume":"3","author":"Pavlou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900207900306","article-title":"Webelievability: A path model examining how convenience and reliance predict online credibility","volume":"79","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal. Mass Commun. Q."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheek, J.M. (1983). The revised Cheek and Buss shyness scale. Unpublished Manuscript, Wellesley College.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05422-000"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.01.013","article-title":"Integrating TTF and UTAUT to explain mobile banking user adoption","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2009.07.005","article-title":"Understanding consumer acceptance of mobile payment services: An empirical analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schierz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/20\/4\/293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1762182166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/20\/4\/293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer20040293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer20040293","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}