{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1770315481749,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020YFB1712802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1712802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education","award":["24YJC630129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJC630129"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Education Higher Education Science and Technology Project","award":["QN2025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2025009"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["G2024203003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2024203003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of logistics distribution, the two-echelon vehicle routing problem has long been a critical focus. Against the backdrop of global warming, enterprises conducting logistics operations must now prioritize not only delivery costs but also the environmental impact of carbon emissions. To address these challenges, this study integrates occasional drivers into the two-echelon vehicle routing framework, centering on carbon emission reduction. First, Affinity Propagation (AP) clustering is applied to assign customer points to transfer centers. Subsequently, an optimization model is formulated to minimize both vehicle routing costs and carbon emission costs through a collaborative delivery system involving specialized and crowdsourced vehicles. An enhanced Sparrow\u2013Whale Optimization Algorithm (S-WOA) is proposed to solve the model. The algorithm is tested against traditional heuristic methods on three datasets of different scales. Experimental results demonstrate that the two-echelon logistics and distribution model combining specialized vehicles and occasional drivers achieves a significant reduction in total delivery costs compared to models relying solely on specialized vehicles. Further analysis reveals that, with a fixed crowdsourced compensation coefficient, increasing the crowdsourced detour coefficient leads to a decline in total delivery costs. Conversely, when the detour coefficient remains constant, raising the compensation coefficient results in an upward trend in total costs. These insights provide actionable strategies for optimizing cost-efficiency and sustainability in logistics operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer21020052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:00:58Z","timestamp":1770109258000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Specialized Vehicle and Occasional Drivers Joint Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5367-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hualing","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer19020041","article-title":"Order distribution and routing optimization for takeout delivery under drone\u2013rider joint delivery mode","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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