{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:38:51Z","timestamp":1774453131880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20BGL287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BGL287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JTAER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crowdsourcing contest platforms provide enterprises with opportunities to seek external resources at a lower cost. Increasing the participation of solvers is the key to improving the success of crowdsourcing contests. Many previous studies attempt to use participation intention as a proxy for exploring participation behavior, using surveys to examine participation intention or continued participation intention. However, participation intention and participation behavior differ significantly, and the dynamic nature of influencing factors has a more complex effect on solvers\u2019 participation. Therefore, based on social exchange theory, we use the dynamic data of winvk.com to construct a two-stage model of view and submission. The effect of dynamic competition on participation intention and participation behavior is explored. The results show that external competition has a consistent negative effect on both participation intention and participation behavior. However, the effect of internal competition is different. It has no significant effect on participation intention, but has a significant positive effect on participation behavior. In addition, rewards exacerbate the effect of competition on participation behavior. These findings provide empirical evidence for exploring differences in participation intention and behavior, and offer practical suggestions for enterprises and platforms to improve solvers\u2019 participation in a short time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer21040099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:57:34Z","timestamp":1774447054000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does Participation Intention Equal Participation Behavior? The Role of Dynamic Competition in Crowdsourcing Contests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Information, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 201400, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management & Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Financial Information Technology, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management & Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management & Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.01","article-title":"The Duality of empowerment and marginalization in microtask crowdsourcing","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-015-0262-7","article-title":"Ideation through online open innovation platform: Dell IdeaStorm","volume":"6","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2012.0458","article-title":"Distant search, narrow attention: How crowding alters organizations\u2019 filtering of suggestions in crowdsourcing","volume":"58","author":"Piezunka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2014.11.002","article-title":"Understanding knowledge contribution in online knowledge communities: A model of community support and forum leader support","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2024.2415766","article-title":"Driving the Innovation Race: Effect of Competitiveness in Crowdsourcing Contest","volume":"41","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-018-9317-8","article-title":"A network based mechanism for managing decomposable tasks via crowdsourcing","volume":"18","author":"Mridha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-05-2020-0286","article-title":"Improving the effectiveness of social media-based crowdsourcing innovations: Roles of assurance mechanism and innovator\u2019s behaviour","volume":"121","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-022-01070-2","article-title":"Co-creating through win and quick: The role of type of contest and constraints on creativity","volume":"14","author":"Cardamone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13340","article-title":"Attracting high-quality contestants to contest in the context of crowdsourcing contest platform","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1322","article-title":"Incentives and problem uncertainty in innovation contests: An empirical analysis","volume":"57","author":"Boudreau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.06.033","article-title":"Social interdependence on crowdsourcing platforms","volume":"103","author":"Renard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.008","article-title":"Mobile food ordering apps: An empirical study of the factors affecting customer e-satisfaction and continued intention to reuse","volume":"50","author":"Alalwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-02-2018-0060","article-title":"The effect of workers\u2019 justice perception on continuance participation intention in the crowdsourcing market","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-09-2019-0502","article-title":"Understanding sustained participation in crowdsourcing platforms: The role of autonomy, temporal value, and hedonic value","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, F., Zhao, L., and Tsai, C.H. (2020). The relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action: The effects of fear of failure and role model. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00229"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.12.059","article-title":"From intention to action: How do personal attitudes, facilities accessibility, and government stimulus matter for household waste sorting?","volume":"233","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-017-0252-7","article-title":"Exploring the effects of reward and competition intensity on participation in crowdsourcing contests","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1845","article-title":"Crowdsourcing with all-pay auctions: A field experiment on taskcn","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1973105","article-title":"Strategically reward solvers in crowdsourcing contests: The role of seeker feedback","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2024.102986","article-title":"Contest design and solvers\u2019 engagement behaviour in crowdsourcing: The neo-configurational perspective","volume":"132","author":"Tekic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-11-2017-0324","article-title":"How to enhance solvers\u2019 continuance intention in crowdsourcing contest: The role of interactivity and fairness perception","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Online Inf. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415150402","article-title":"Task design, motivation, and participation in crowdsourcing contests","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Commer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.100687","article-title":"Examining intention to use crowd logistics: A synergy of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and social exchange theory","volume":"9","author":"Hashem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Futures"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.08.030","article-title":"Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to understand individual\u2019s energy saving behavior in workplaces","volume":"127","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.01.022","article-title":"Promoting public participation in household waste management: A survey based method and case study in Xiamen city, China","volume":"144","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2017.0719","article-title":"Temporal motivations of volunteers to participate in cultural crowdsourcing work","volume":"28","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-01-2015-0038","article-title":"Motivating continued knowledge sharing in crowdsourcing: The impact of different types of visual feedback","volume":"39","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Online Inf. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.0703","article-title":"Idea rejected, tie formed: Organizations\u2019 feedback on crowdsourced ideas","volume":"62","author":"Piezunka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-18762019000300103","article-title":"Understanding solvers\u2019 continuance intention in crowdsourcing contest platform: An extension of expectation-confirmation model","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.9.705","article-title":"Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey","volume":"57","author":"Locke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.05.031","article-title":"From intention to behavior: Comprehending residents\u2019 waste sorting intention and behavior formation process","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123882","article-title":"Bridge the gap: Consumers\u2019 purchase intention and behavior regarding sustainable clothing","volume":"278","author":"Rausch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2013.05.006","article-title":"We want to sort! Assessing households\u2019 preferences for sorting waste","volume":"36","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resour. Energy. Econ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2012.03.002","article-title":"\u2018Orchestrating\u2019sustainable crowdsourcing: A characterisation of solver brokerages","volume":"21","author":"Feller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.47.1.1.10668","article-title":"Product development decisions: A review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Krishnan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-012-0093-3","article-title":"Factors affecting participation of solvers in crowdsourcing: An empirical study from China","volume":"22","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.10.006","article-title":"Understanding sustained participation in transactional virtual communities","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103176","article-title":"How behaviors on social network sites and online social capital influence social commerce intentions","volume":"57","author":"Horng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2010.0146","article-title":"Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search","volume":"37","author":"Afuah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2017.02.001","article-title":"Solvers\u2019 participation in crowdsourcing platforms: Examining the impacts of trust, and benefit and cost factors","volume":"26","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2112076","article-title":"Role of motivations, self-regulations, and perceived competitive intensity in solvers\u2019 continuance intention in crowdsourcing contests","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/1216016.1216023","article-title":"Encouraging participation in virtual communities","volume":"50","author":"Koh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2025.104206","article-title":"Momentum effects in crowdsourcing contest platforms","volume":"62","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2709","article-title":"Incentives in contests with heterogeneous solvers","volume":"64","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.4140","article-title":"The role of feedback in dynamic crowdsourcing contests: A structural empirical analysis","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.038","article-title":"Recruiting valuable participants in online IDEA generation: The role of brief instructions","volume":"96","author":"Steils","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer17040066","article-title":"Factors influencing solvers\u2019 behaviors in knowledge-intensive crowdsourcing: A systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer19010030","article-title":"Do dynamic signals affect high-quality solvers\u2019 participation behavior? Evidence from the crowdsourcing platform","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12265","article-title":"The intention-behavior gap","volume":"10","author":"Sheeran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"102121","article-title":"Comparison of crowdsourcing platforms from social-psychological and motivational perspectives","volume":"54","author":"Bakici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.09.032","article-title":"What determines the successfulness of a crowdsourcing campaign: A study on the relationships between indicators of trustworthiness, popularity, and success","volume":"139","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"7","article-title":"The impact of helping others in coopetitive crowdsourcing communities","volume":"22","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2","article-title":"Usability and sociability in online communities: A comparative study of knowledge seeking and contribution","volume":"10","author":"Phang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2014.10.007","article-title":"Investigating the antecedents of organizational task crowdsourcing","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1086\/705670","article-title":"Turning up the heat: The discouraging effect of competition in contests","volume":"128","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/21\/4\/99\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:39:30Z","timestamp":1774449570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/0718-1876\/21\/4\/99"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jtaer21040099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jtaer21040099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0718-1876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0718-1876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}