{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:12:27Z","timestamp":1760235147405,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MAKE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system is negatively affected when operating under shading conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) systems are used to overcome this hurdle. Designing an efficient MPPT-based controller requires knowledge about power conversion in PV systems. However, it is difficult for nontechnical solar energy consumers to define different parameters of the controller and deal with distinct sources of data related to the planning. Semantic Web technologies enable us to improve knowledge representation, sharing, and reusing of relevant information generated by various sources. In this work, we propose a knowledge-based model representing key concepts associated with an MPPT-based controller. The model is featured with Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL), allowing the system planner to extract information about power reductions caused by snow and several airborne particles. The proposed ontology, named MPPT-On, is validated through a case study designed by the System Advisor Model (SAM). It acts as a decision support system and facilitate the process of planning PV projects for non-technical practitioners. Moreover, the presented rule-based system can be reused and shared among the solar energy community to adjust the power estimations reported by PV planning tools especially for snowy months and polluted environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/make3030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:46:44Z","timestamp":1627854404000},"page":"582-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Proposing an Ontology Model for Planning Photovoltaic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Khosrojerdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement D\u2019informatique et D\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, 101 Saint-Jean-Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Administratives, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, 101 Saint-Jean-Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, 1450 Guy, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3H 0A1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2017.2729079","article-title":"It\u2019s Indisputable: Five Facts About Planning and Operating Modern Power Systems","volume":"15","author":"Bloom","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Aragon\u00e9s, J.I., D\u00e1vila-Sacoto, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, L.G., Alonso-G\u00f3mez, V., Gallardo-Saavedra, S., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Callejo, L. (2021). A Review of I\u2013V Tracers for Photovoltaic Modules: Topologies and Challenges. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111283"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Aragon\u00e9s, J.I., Gallardo-Saavedra, S., Alonso-G\u00f3mez, V., S\u00e1nchez-Pacheco, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Mart\u00ednez, O., Mu\u00f1oz-Garc\u00eda, M.A., Alonso-Garc\u00eda, M.d.C., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Callejo, L. (2021). Low-Cost Electronics for Online I-V Tracing at Photovoltaic Module Level: Development of Two Strategies and Comparison between Them. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060671"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Canada, G.O. (2021, July 28). Renewable Energy Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/science-data\/data-analysis\/energy-data-analysis\/energy-facts\/renewable-energy-facts\/20069."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.04.012","article-title":"Intelligent maximum power point tracking for PV system using Hopfield neural network optimized fuzzy logic controller","volume":"51","author":"Subiyanto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Aragon\u00e9s, J.I., Alonso-Garc\u00eda, M.d.C., Gallardo-Saavedra, S., Alonso-G\u00f3mez, V., Balenzategui, J.L., Redondo-Plaza, A., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Callejo, L. (2021). Online Distributed Measurement of Dark I\u2013V Curves in Photovoltaic Plants. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041924"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2018.5946","article-title":"MPPT methods for solar PV systems: A critical review based on tracking nature","volume":"13","author":"Podder","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.12.019","article-title":"Maximum power point tracking methodologies for solar PV systems\u2014A review","volume":"70","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.105","article-title":"Maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic system\u2014A review","volume":"57","author":"Saravanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.06.053","article-title":"State of the art artificial intelligence-based MPPT techniques for mitigating partial shading effects on PV systems\u2014A review","volume":"64","author":"Seyedmahmoudian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.02.051","article-title":"A comparison of different global MPPT techniques based on meta-heuristic algorithms for photovoltaic system subjected to partial shading conditions","volume":"74","author":"Rezk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.07.053","article-title":"Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) systems: A review of different approaches","volume":"65","author":"Jordehi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-111X(200103)16:3<391::AID-INT1014>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Evaluation of Ontologies","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fensel, D., Harmelen, F.V., Klein, M., and Akkermans, H. (2000, January 18\u201320). On-To-Knowledge: Ontology-based Tools for Knowledge Management. Proceedings of the eBusiness and eWork2000 Conference, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, J., Whitmore, J., Blair, N., and Dobos, A.P. (2014). Validation of Multiple Tools for Flat Plate Photovoltaic Modeling Against Measured Data.","DOI":"10.2172\/1150179"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.051","article-title":"Parameter estimation for photovoltaic system under normal and partial shading conditions: A survey","volume":"84","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, July 28). MathWorks. PV Array. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/physmod\/sps\/powersys\/ref\/pvarray.html."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.05.035","article-title":"Cell modelling and model parameters estimation techniques for photovoltaic simulator application: A review","volume":"154","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.11.052","article-title":"Classification and comparison of maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review","volume":"19","author":"Jamasb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesit.2015.10.003","article-title":"Detection and assessment of partial shading in photovoltaic arrays","volume":"3","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electr. Syst. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ross, M.M.D., and Usher, E.P. (1996, January 3\u20136). Modelled and Observed Operation of a Passive Melting Technology for Photovoltaic Arrays. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Atmosphoric Icing of Structures, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.08.010","article-title":"The challenge of removing snow downfall on photovoltaic solar cell roofs in order to maximize solar energy efficiency\u2014Research opportunities for the future","volume":"67","author":"Jelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.07.065","article-title":"Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic (PV) performance: Research status, challenges and recommendations","volume":"14","author":"Mani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4236\/jpee.2016.49006","article-title":"Simple DSP Implementation of Maximum Power Pointer Tracking and Inverter Control for Solar Energy Applications","volume":"04","author":"Na","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2016.2633722","article-title":"A Grey Wolf-Assisted Perturb & Observe MPPT Algorithm for a PV System","volume":"32","author":"Mohanty","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.172","article-title":"Maximum Power Point Tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis","volume":"52","author":"Lyden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.07.001","article-title":"A comparative investigation of maximum power point tracking methods for solar PV system","volume":"136","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2012.2202698","article-title":"Assessment of the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Elgendy","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","article-title":"Grey Wolf Optimizer","volume":"69","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.10.039","article-title":"Multi-objective grey wolf optimizer: A novel algorithm for multi-criterion optimization","volume":"47","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.02.008","article-title":"The application of soft computing methods for MPPT of PV system: A technological and status review","volume":"107","author":"Salam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Efficient Approach for Parameter Estimation of PV Model Using DE and Fuzzy Based MPPT Controller","volume":"5","author":"Sheraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheraz, M., and Abido, M.A. (2012, January 2\u20135). An Efficient MPPT controller Using Differential Evolution and Neural Network. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PECon.2012.6450241"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5230","article-title":"Classification of Daily Irradiance Profiles and the Behaviour of Photovoltaic Plant Elements: The Effects of Cloud Enhancement","volume":"274","author":"Mansoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"120602","article-title":"High-efficiency swarm intelligent maximum power point tracking control techniques for varying temperature and irradiance","volume":"228","author":"Mirza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Elsevier"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosrojerdi, F., and Golhkandan, N.H. (2018, January 13\u201315). Microcontroller-based Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods in Photovoltaic systems. Proceedings of the 9th Power Electronic and Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDSTC.2018.8343818"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2211082","article-title":"Differential power processing for increased energy production and reliability of photovoltaic systems","volume":"68","author":"Shenoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Electron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrone, G., Spagnuolo, G., and Vitelli, M. (2010, January 14\u201317). TEODI: A new technique for Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking PV Applications. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Via del Mar, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2010.5472546"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.943","article-title":"A new analog MPPT technique: TEODI","volume":"18","author":"Femia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34","article-title":"The Semantic Web","volume":"284","author":"Hendler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2013, June 19). W3C. W3C Semantic Web Activity. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2001\/sw\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2007, January 14\u201315). Ontology and the Semantic Web. Proceedings of the North American Symposium on Knowledge Organization (NASKO), Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Gruber, T.R. (1992). A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications, Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL 92-71."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008","article-title":"A translation approach to portable ontologies","volume":"92","author":"Gruber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowl. Acquis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.08.088","article-title":"An ontology-based decision support tool for optimizing domestic solar hot water system selection","volume":"112","author":"Kontopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"133","article-title":"An Ontology for the Business Process Modelling Notation","volume":"Volume 267","author":"Rospocher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Golbreich, C., and Wallace, E.K. (2021, July 28). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language New Features and Rationale (Second Edition). Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2012\/REC-owl2-new-features-20121211\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Dean, M., and Schreiber, G. (2012). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Document Overview (Second Edition), World Wide Web Consortium. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, July 28). Prot\u00e9g\u00e9. Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Products. Available online: https:\/\/protege.stanford.edu\/products.php."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daouadji, A., Nguyen, K.K., Lemay, M., and Cheriet, M. (2010, January 4\u20136). Ontology-based resource description and discovery framework for low-carbon grid networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Gaithersburg, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTGRID.2010.5622090"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonino, B., and Corno, F. (2008, January 26\u201330). DogOnt\u2014ontology modeling for intelligent domotic environments. Proceedings of the Semantic Web\u2014ISWC 2008, Berlin\/Heidelberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88564-1_51"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossello-Busquet, A., Brewka, L.J., Soler, J., and Dittmann, L. (April, January 30). OWL Ontologies and SWRL Rules Applied to Energy Management. Proceedings of the 2011 UKSim 13th International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UKSIM.2011.91"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Keirstead, J., Samsatli, N., and Shah, N. (2009, January 28\u201330). SynCity: An integrated tool kit for urban energy systems modeling. Proceedings of the 5th Urban Research Symposium, Marseille, France."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Keirstead, J., and Van Dam, K.H. (2010, January 10\u201311). A comparison of two ontologies for agent-based modelling of energy systems. Proceedings of the 1st Int. Workshop on Agent Technologies for Energy Systems (ATES 2010), Workshop of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2010), Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2012.10.010","article-title":"PV-TONS: A photovoltaic technology ontology system for the design of PV-systems","volume":"26","author":"Abanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Ferndndez, M., Gomez-Perez, A., and Juristo, N. (1997, January 24\u201325). Methontology: From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering. Proceedings of the AAAI-97 Spring Symposium Series, Palo Alto, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa, M.C., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, A., and Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, M. (2012). The NeOn Methodology for Ontology Engineering. Ontology Engineering in a Networked World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24794-1"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Breitman, K., Casanova, M.A., and Truszkowski, W. (2007). Semantic Web Concepts, Technologies and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Noy, N.F., and McGuinness, D.L. (2001). Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Khosrojerdi, F. (2021, July 28). Maximum Power Point Tracking Ontology (MPPT-On). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/khof01\/ontology."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P.F., Boley, H., Tabet, S., Grosof, B., and Dean, M. (2021, July 28). SWRL: A Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/Submission\/SWRL\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"O\u2019Conner, M., and Das, A. (2009, January 23\u201324). SQWRL: A Query Language for OWL. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED 2009), Chantilly, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2007.03.004","article-title":"Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoner","volume":"5","author":"Sirin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Web Semant."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"11030","article-title":"Effect of Dust Accumulation on Performance of Photovoltaic Solar Modules in Sahara Environment","volume":"7","author":"Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effect of airborne dust concentration on the performance of PV modules","volume":"13","author":"Hassan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Astron. Soc. Egypt"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.141","article-title":"An integrated review of factors influencing the performance of photovoltaic panels","volume":"80","author":"Fouada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.12.018","article-title":"On-site PV characterization and the effect of soiling on their performance","volume":"51","author":"Kalogirou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elsevier J. Energy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorrilla-Casanova, J., Piliougine, M., Carretero, J., Bernaola, P., Carpena, P., Mora-Lopez, L., and Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2011). Analysis of dust losses in photovoltaic modules. World Renewable Energy Congress, Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press.","DOI":"10.3384\/ecp110572985"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2013.06.014","article-title":"Effect of dust accumulation on the power outputs of solar photovoltaic modules","volume":"60","author":"Adinoyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elsevier J. Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effect of shadow and dust on the performance of silicon solar cell","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3103\/S0003701X09040057","article-title":"Application study of 500W photovoltaic (PV) system in the UAE","volume":"45","author":"Mohandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Touati, F., and Massound, A.M. (2013, January 20\u201322). Effects of environmental and climatic conditions on PV efficiency in Qatar. Proceedings of the International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ\u201913), Bilbao, Spain."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Boykiw, E. (2011). The Effect of Settling Dust in the Arava Valley on the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Panels. [Boykiw Thesis, Allegheny College]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2015.06.052","article-title":"The contribution of dust to performance degradation of PV modules in a temperate climate zone","volume":"120","author":"Tanesab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elsevier J. Sol. Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"135","article-title":"Effect of dust on the transmittance of low density polyethylene glazing in a tropical climate","volume":"2","author":"Mastekbayeva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.06.068","article-title":"Dust as an unalterable deteriorative factor affecting PV panel\u2019s efficiency: Why and how","volume":"65","author":"Zaihidee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Piliougine, M., Carretero, J., Sidrach-de-Cardona, M., Montiel, D., and S\u00e1nchez-Friera, P. (2008, January 1\u20135). Comparitive analysis of the dust losses in photovoltaic modules with different cover glasses. Proceedings of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"973","article-title":"Measuring and modeling the impact of snow on photovoltaic system performance","volume":"6","author":"Powers","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"4","article-title":"Effect of Dust Deposition on the Performance of Multi-Crystalline Photovoltaic Modules Based on Experimental Measurements","volume":"3","author":"Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Sandell, M. (2012). The Effect of Snowfall on the Power Output of Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Halifax, NS, Dalhousie University."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., Tokoro, T., Nakano, T., Hayama, K., Ohyama, H., and Yamaguchi, T. (2003, January 11\u201318). An effect of snow for electric energy generation by 40kw PV system. Proceedings of the 3rd World Cotfiwrrce on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Becker, G., Schiebelsberger, B., Weber, W., Vodermayer, C., Zehner, M., and Kummerle, G. (2006). An approach to the impact of snow on the yield of grid connected PV systems. Bavar. Assoc. Promot. Solar Energy Munich., 1\u20134. Available online: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.464.8842&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"3386","article-title":"Prediction of Energy Effects on Photovoltaic Systems due to Snowfall Events","volume":"6","author":"Rob","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1448","article-title":"Evaluation of economical benefit of cleaning of soiling and snow in PV plants at three European locations","volume":"4","author":"Stridh","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.02.014","article-title":"The effects of snowfall on solar photovoltaic performance","volume":"92","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.07.029","article-title":"Measured and modeled photovoltaic system energy losses from snow for Colorado and Wisconsin locations","volume":"97","author":"Marion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.102","article-title":"Analysis of the impact of dust, tilt angle and orientation on performance of PV Plants","volume":"90","author":"Babatunde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2006.02.014","article-title":"Effect of dust on the transparent cover of solar collectors","volume":"47","author":"Elminir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Elsevier J. Energy Convers Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4822051","article-title":"Effects of surroundings snow coverage and solar tracking on photovoltaic systems operating in Canada","volume":"5","author":"Mehrtash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"NREL (2021, July 28). PV Case Studies and Validation. Laboratory, N.R.E., Ed, Available online: https:\/\/sam.nrel.gov\/photovoltaic\/pv-validation.html."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, J., Whitmore, J., Kaffine, L., Blair, N., and Dobos, A.P. (2013). System Advisor Model: Flat Plate Photovoltaic Performance Modeling Validation Report.","DOI":"10.2172\/1115788"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2013). 2012 Air Quality Data Report Air Pollution Control Division."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4990\/3\/3\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:38:34Z","timestamp":1760164714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4990\/3\/3\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["make3030030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/make3030030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4990"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-4990"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}}}