{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T23:45:42Z","timestamp":1785627942769,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MAKE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, and specifically Deep Learning (DL) methods, demonstrate substantial performance in detecting and classifying medical images. Recent clinical studies have reported novel optical technologies which enhance the localization or assess the viability of Parathyroid Glands (PG) during surgery, or preoperatively. These technologies could become complementary to the surgeon\u2019s eyes and may improve surgical outcomes in thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Methods: The study explores and reports the use of AI methods for identifying and localizing PGs, Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), Parathyroid Adenoma (PTA), and Multiglandular Disease (MGD). Results: The review identified 13 publications that employ Machine Learning and DL methods for preoperative and operative implementations. Conclusions: AI can aid in PG, PHPT, PTA, and MGD detection, as well as PG abnormality discrimination, both during surgery and non-invasively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/make4040040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1663811226000},"page":"814-826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Methods for Identifying and Localizing Abnormal Parathyroid Glands: A Review Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6439-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis D.","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos I.","family":"Papandrianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elpiniki I.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris J.","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-008-0088-8","article-title":"Parathyroid Adenoma","volume":"2","author":"Wieneke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.104","article-title":"Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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