{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:42:29Z","timestamp":1773736949055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P-32554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-32554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MAKE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In many domains of our daily life (e.g., agriculture, forestry, health, etc.), both laymen and experts need to classify entities into two binary classes (yes\/no, good\/bad, sufficient\/insufficient, benign\/malign, etc.). For many entities, this decision is difficult and we need another class called \u201cmaybe\u201d, which contains a corresponding quantifiable tendency toward one of these two opposites. Human domain experts are often able to mark any entity, place it in a different class and adjust the position of the slope in the class. Moreover, they can often explain the classification space linguistically\u2014depending on their individual domain experience and previous knowledge. We consider this human-in-the-loop extremely important and call our approach actionable explainable AI. Consequently, the parameters of the functions are adapted to these requirements and the solution is explained to the domain experts accordingly. Specifically, this paper contains three novelties going beyond the state-of-the-art: (1) A novel method for detecting the appropriate parameter range for the averaging function to treat the slope in the \u201cmaybe\u201d class, along with a proposal for a better generalisation than the existing solution. (2) the insight that for a given problem, the family of t-norms and t-conorms covering the whole range of nilpotency is suitable because we need a clear \u201cno\u201d or \u201cyes\u201d not only for the borderline cases. Consequently, we adopted the Schweizer\u2013Sklar family of t-norms or t-conorms in ordinal sums. (3) A new fuzzy quasi-dissimilarity function for classification into three classes: Main difference, irrelevant difference and partial difference. We conducted all of our experiments with real-world datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/make4040047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"924-953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Actionable Explainable AI (AxAI): A Practical Example with Aggregation Functions for Adaptive Classification and Textual Explanations for Interpretable Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Saranti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Centered AI Lab, Institute of Forest Engineering, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Hudec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Economic Informatics, University of Economics in Bratislava, 852 35 Bratislava 5, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Min\u00e1rikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economic Informatics, University of Economics in Bratislava, 852 35 Bratislava 5, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0767-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zdenko","family":"Tak\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 5, 812 43 Bratislava 1, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Gro\u00dfschedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9209-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessa","family":"Angerschmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Centered AI Lab, Institute of Forest Engineering, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Centered AI Lab, Institute of Forest Engineering, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"xAI Lab, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5J 3B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107427","article-title":"T-norms or t-conorms? 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