{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:03:49Z","timestamp":1785330229002,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MAKE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Red-light running at signalised intersections poses a significant safety risk, necessitating advanced predictive technologies to predict red-light violation behaviour, especially for advanced red-light warning (ARLW) systems. This research leverages Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models to forecast the red-light running and stopping behaviours of drivers in connected vehicles. We utilised data from the Ipswich Connected Vehicle Pilot (ICVP) in Queensland, Australia, which gathered naturalistic driving data from 355 connected vehicles at 29 signalised intersections. These vehicles broadcast Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) within the Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS), providing kinematic inputs such as vehicle speed, speed limits, longitudinal and lateral accelerations, and yaw rate. These variables were monitored at 100-millisecond intervals for durations from 1 to 4 s before reaching various distances from the stop line. Our results indicate that the LSTM model outperforms the GRU in predicting both red-light running and stopping behaviours with high accuracy. However, the pre-trained GRU model performs better in predicting red-light running specifically, making it valuable in applications requiring early violation prediction. Implementing these models can enhance red-light violation countermeasures, such as dynamic all-red extension (DARE), decreasing the likelihood of severe collisions and enhancing road users\u2019 safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/make6040136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1733920736000},"page":"2855-2875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prediction of Drivers\u2019 Red-Light Running Behaviour in Connected Vehicle Environments Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Md Mostafizur Rahman","family":"Komol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QUT Centre for Robotics, School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Data61 Robotics and Autonomous System Group, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane 4069, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elhenawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Pinnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Main Road (Queensland), Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems & Operations Management, Business School, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andry","family":"Rakotonirainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merle","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Main Road (Queensland), Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Main Road (Queensland), Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2018). 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