{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:05:55Z","timestamp":1780358755771,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]],"date-time":"2013-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a disposable, normally closed, non-contact dispensing valve for the sub-\u00b5L range. The miniaturized solenoid valve (diameter: 8 mm, height: 27.25 mm) is compatible to standard Luer-Lock interfaces. A highly dynamic actuation principle enables opening times down to 1 ms. The dispensing performance was evaluated for water  (\u03b7 = 1.03 mPas) and a 66% (w\/w) glycerol\/water solution (\u03b7 = 16.98 mPas), at pressures varying from 200 to 800 mbar. The experimentally determined minimal dispensing volume was 163 nL (CV 1.6%) for water and 123 nL (CV 4.5%) for 66% (w\/w) glycerol\/water. The low-cost polymer valve enables high precision dispensing of liquid volumes down to the lower end of the sub-\u00b5L range comparable to high-end  non-disposable micro-dispensing valves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]],"date-time":"2013-02-28T11:31:36Z","timestamp":1362051096000},"page":"9-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Low-Cost, Normally Closed, Solenoid Valve for Non-Contact Dispensing in the Sub-\u00b5L Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bammesberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Kartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Tanguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mikro- und Informationstechnik, HSG-IMIT, Wilhelm-Schickard-Stra\u03b2e 10, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mikro- und Informationstechnik, HSG-IMIT, Wilhelm-Schickard-Stra\u03b2e 10, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Mutschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Biofluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Zengerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mikro- und Informationstechnik, HSG-IMIT, Wilhelm-Schickard-Stra\u03b2e 10, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koltay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, IMTEK, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Biofluidix GmbH, Georges-K\u00f6hler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200305584","article-title":"Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly (dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies","volume":"24","author":"Sia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/5\/R01","article-title":"A review of microvalves","volume":"16","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bammesberger, S., Ernst, A., Losleben, N., Tanguy, L., Zengerle, R., and Koltay, P. (2013). Quantitative characterization of non-contact microdispensing technologies for the sub-microliter range. Drug Discov. Today, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2012.12.001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(00)00064-7","article-title":"Challenges and solutions to ultra-high-throughput screening assay miniaturization: Submicroliter fluid handling","volume":"5","author":"Dunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2005.3.189","article-title":"Piezo- and solenoid valve-based liquid dispensing for miniaturized assays","volume":"3","author":"Niles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. 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Available online:http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/lm1949.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mutschler, K., Dwivedi, S., Kartmann, S., Bammesberger, S., Koltay, P., Zengerle, R., and Tanguy, L. Multi physics network simulation of a solenoid dispensing valve. To be submitted for publication."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Nordson EFD Optimum Datasheet. Nordson Corporation Web site. Available online:http:\/\/www.nordson.com\/de-de\/divisions\/efd\/Literature\/Brochures-Data-Sheets\/Optimum\/DE-Nordson-EFD-Optimum-DataSheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, D., Steinert, C., Bammesberger, S., Tanguy, L., Ernst, A., Zengerle, R., and Koltay, P. (2013). Novel gravimetric measurement technique for quantitative volume calibration in the sub-microliter range. Meas. Sci. Technol., 24.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/2\/025301"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/4\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:12Z","timestamp":1760219112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/4\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["mi4010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi4010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]}}}