{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:08Z","timestamp":1760243528580,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents design and testing of a microfluidic platform for immunoassay. The method is based on sandwiched ELISA, whereby the primary antibody is immobilized on nitrocelluose and, subsequently, magnetic beads are used as a label to detect the analyte. The chip takes approximately 2 h and 15 min to complete the assay. A Hall Effect sensor using 0.35-\u03bcm BioMEMS TSMC technology (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Bio-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) was fabricated to sense the magnetic field from the beads. Furthermore, florescence detection and absorbance measurements from the chip demonstrate successful immunoassay on the chip. In addition, investigation also covers the Hall Effect simulations, mechanical modeling of the  bead\u2013protein complex, testing of the microfluidic platform with magnetic beads averaging 10 nm, and measurements with an inductor-based system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T11:40:45Z","timestamp":1371555645000},"page":"257-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Microfluidic Platform for Enzyme-Linked and Magnetic Particle-Based Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yaw-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Uy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli 32023, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Pijanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insititute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences,  Warsaw 02-109, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2408","article-title":"Microfluidics-based diagnostics of infectious diseases in the developing world","volume":"17","author":"Chin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2003.12.030","article-title":"Droplet-based microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for glucose detection","volume":"507","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.04.012","article-title":"Electrochemical magneto immunosensor for the detection of anti-TG2 antibody in celiac disease","volume":"48C","author":"Kergaravat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-013-9739-y","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic platform for rapid tumor cell isolation, counting and molecular diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1039\/b403341h","article-title":"An integrated digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for clinical diagnostics on human physiological fluids","volume":"4","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201000946","article-title":"Microfluidic devices for bioapplications","volume":"7","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-007-0161-8","article-title":"Digital microfluidics: Is a true lab-on-a-chip possible?","volume":"3","author":"Fair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluid."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/90984","article-title":"The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1039\/b913960e","article-title":"Rapid integrated biosensor for multiplexed immunoassays based on actuated magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Bruls","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4010103","article-title":"Multiplexed electrochemical immunoassay of biomarkers using metal sulfide quantum dot nanolabels and trifunctionalized magnetic beads","volume":"4","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4010103","article-title":"Electrochemical magneto immunosensor for the detection of anti-TG2 antibody in celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/mi4010103","article-title":"Microbeads for sampling and mixing in a complex sample","volume":"4","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2006.05.006","article-title":"A novel magnetic bead bioassay platform using a microchip-based sensor for infectious disease diagnosis","volume":"314","author":"Aytur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/mi2020150","article-title":"Focusing light with curved guided-mode resonance reflectors","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.033","article-title":"A CMOS magnetic microbead-based capacitive biosensor array with on-chip electromagnetic manipulation","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3272779","article-title":"On-chip magnetic separation of superparamagnetic beads for integrated molecular analysis","volume":"107","author":"Florescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2840062","article-title":"Fully integrated detection of single magnetic beads in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor","volume":"103","author":"Florescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6476-7","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of miRNA-222 by use of a magnetic bead-based bioassay","volume":"405","author":"Bettazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal.Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.03.024","article-title":"A magnetic bead-based bienzymatic electrochemical immunosensor for determination of H9N2 avian influenza virus","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1039\/b107540n","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic biochemical detection system for protein analysis with magnetic bead-based sampling capabilities","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.12.053","article-title":"Integrating solid-state sensor and microfluidic devices for glucose, urea and creatinine detection based on enzyme-carrying alginate microbeads","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.039","article-title":"DNAzyme-based magneto-controlled electronic switch for picomolar detection of lead (II) coupling with DNA-based hybridization chain reaction","volume":"45","author":"Zhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200602866","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/4\/2\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:24Z","timestamp":1760219244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/4\/2\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["mi4020257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi4020257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-666X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]}}}