{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:51Z","timestamp":1760243211093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dispersion of cell deformability mapping is affected not only by the resolution of the sensing system, but also by cell deformability itself. In order to extract the pure deformability characteristics of cells, it is necessary to improve the resolution of cell actuation in the sensing system, particularly in the case of active sensing, where an actuator is essential. This paper proposes a novel concept, a \u201cflow reduction mechanism\u201d, where a flow is generated by a macroactuator placed outside of a microfluidic chip. The flow can be drastically reduced at the cell manipulation point in a microchannel due to the elasticity embedded into the fluid circuit of the microfluidic system. The great advantage of this approach is that we can easily construct a high resolution cell manipulation system by combining a macro-scale actuator and a macro-scale position sensor, even though the resolution of the actuator is larger than the desired resolution for cell manipulation. Focusing on this characteristic, we successfully achieved the cell positioning based on a visual feedback control with a resolution of 240 nm, corresponding to one pixel of the vision system. We show that the utilization of this positioning system contributes to reducing the dispersion coming from the positioning resolution in the cell deformability mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi5041188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T11:39:36Z","timestamp":1416310776000},"page":"1188-1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["High Resolution Cell Positioning Based on a Flow Reduction Mechanism for Enhancing Deformability Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Shinya","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumihito","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tatsunori","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tomohito","family":"Ohtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2003.820273","article-title":"Mechanical property characterization of mouse zona pellucida","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.03.002","article-title":"Deformation and nano-rheology of red blood cells: An AFM investigation","volume":"50","author":"Bremmell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2013.p0277","article-title":"Cellular force measurement using a nanometric-probe-integrated microfluidic chip with a displacement reduction mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Sakuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14618","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2433968100","article-title":"A microfluidic model for single-cell capillary obstruction by plasmodium-falciparuminfected erythrocytes","volume":"100","author":"Shelby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose, Y., Tadakuma, K., Higashimori, M., Arai, T., Kaneko, M., Iitsuka, R., Yamanishi, Y., and Arai, F. (2010, January 3\u20137). A new stiffness evaluation toward high speed cell sorter, Anchorage, AK, USA.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509970"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300264v","article-title":"Microfluidics-based assessment of cell deformability","volume":"84","author":"Adamo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc21210b","article-title":"High-throughput biophysical measurement of human red blood cells","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"unstructured":"Fukui, W., Kaneko, M., Sakuma, S., Kawahara, T., and Arai, F. (2012, January 14\u201318). \u03bc-Cell fatigue test, Saint Paul, MN, USA.","key":"ref_8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc51003d","article-title":"Red blood cell fatigue evaluation based on the close-encountering point between extensibility and recoverability","volume":"14","author":"Sakuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1039\/B513005K","article-title":"Magnetism and microfluidics","volume":"6","author":"Pamme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2358820","article-title":"Optically driven micropump produced by three-dimensional two-photon microfabrication","volume":"89","author":"Maruo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2003.09.019","article-title":"Mechanics of the human red blood cell deformed by optical tweezers","volume":"51","author":"Dao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(88)87005-7","article-title":"A piezoelectric micropump based on micromachining of silicon","volume":"15","author":"Lintel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/12\/4\/324","article-title":"Development of a microfluidic device for fluorescence activated cell sorting","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1039\/b417651k","article-title":"Human neural stem cell growth and differentiation in a gradient-generating microfluidic device","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1039\/b905065p","article-title":"Cell lysis and DNA extraction of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from whole blood in a disposable microfluidic chip","volume":"9","author":"Mahalanabis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2011.p0013","article-title":"Automatic cell cutting by high-precision microfluidic control","volume":"23","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.1021\/ac071311w","article-title":"Versatile, fully automated, microfluidic cell culture system","volume":"79","author":"Leyrat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, C.H., Hsiung, S.K., Chen, C.Y., Tsai, M.L., and Lee, G.B. (2007). Biomed. Microdevices, 9, 533\u2013543.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-007-9061-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2001.2307","article-title":"Direct measurement of erythrocyte deformability in diabetes mellitus with a transparent microchannel capillary model and high-speed video camera system","volume":"61","author":"Tsukada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9319-3","article-title":"Extensional flow-based assessment of red blood cell deformability using hyperbolic converging microchannel","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11240","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm26513c","article-title":"Hydrodynamic deformation reveals two coupled modes\/time scales of red blood cell relaxation","volume":"8","author":"Braunmuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/5\/4\/1188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:35Z","timestamp":1760216975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/5\/4\/1188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["mi5041188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi5041188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-666X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]}}}